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Acerca del Web de la Espalda

Bibliografía

Compendio de bibliografías de los distintos capítulos

En la elaboración de los contenidos de la web de la espalda se han usado criterios y recomendaciones emanados de las siguientes Guías de práctica clínica y publicaciones científicas.

Guías de Práctica Clínica:

Airaksinen O, Brox JI, Cedraschi I, Hildebrandt J, Klaber-Moffett J, Kovacs F, Mannion AF, Reis S, Staal B, Ursin H, Zanoli G. . COST B13 Working Group on Guidelines for Chronic Low Back Pain. European guidelines for the management of chronic non-specific low back pain. Eur Spine J 2006 Mar;15:S192-299

Chou R, Qaseem A, Snow V et al. Diagnosis and Treatment of Low Back Pain: A Joint Clinical Practice Guideline from the American College of Physicians and the American Pain Society. Ann Intern Med 2007;147:478-91.

Chou R, Loeser JD, Owens DK, Rosenquist RW, Atlas SJ, Baisden J, Carragee EJ, Grabois M, Murphy DR, Resnick DK, Stanos SP, Shaffer WO, Wall EM; American Pain Society Low Back Pain Guideline Panel. Interventional therapies, surgery, and interdisciplinary rehabilitation for low back pain: an evidence-based clinical practice guideline from the American Pain Society.Spine 2009;34(10):1066-77.

Chou R, Huffman LH; American Pain Society; American College of Physicians. Nonpharmacologic therapies for acute and chronic low back pain: a review of the evidence for an American Pain Society/American College of Physicians clinical practice guideline. Ann Intern Med. 2007 Oct 2;147(7):492-504

Chou R, Atlas SJ, Stanos SP, Rosenquist RW. Nonsurgical interventional therapies for low back pain: a review of the evidence for an American Pain Society clinical practice guideline.Spine 2009;34(10):1078-93

Haldeman S, Carroll L, Cassidy JD. Findings from the bone and joint decade 2000 to 2010 task force on neck pain and its associated disorders. J Occup Environ Med. 2010;52(4):424-7.

Waddell G, Feder G, McIntosh A, Lewis M, Hutchinson A. Clinical guidelines for the management of acute low back pain. Royal College of General Practitioners, London 1996.

Bigos S, Bowver O, Braen G, Acute low back problems in adults. Clinical Practice Guideline nº 14. AHCPR Publication No. 95-0642. Rockville M: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, Public Health Service. US. Department of Health and Human Services. December 1994.

Referencias Bibliográficas

Además de las citadas guías, otra bibliografía respalda las recomendaciones que se realizan:

Causas del dolor:

Airaksinen O, Brox JI, Cedraschi C, Hildebrandt J, Klaber-Moffett J, Kovacs F, et al. Chapter 4. European guidelines for the management of chronic nonspecific low back pain. Eur Spine J 2006 Mar;15 Suppl 2:S192-300

Baras JD, Baker LC. Magnetic resonance imaging and low back pain care for Medicare patients. Health Aff (Millwood) 2009 Nov-Dec;28(6):w1133-40.

Deyo RA, Weinstein JN. Low back pain. N Engl J Med 2001;344(5):363-370.

Hartvigsen J, Foster NE, Croft PR. We need to rethink front line care for back pain. BMJ 2011 May 25;342:d3260.

Henschke N, Maher CG, Refshauge KM, Herbert RD, Cumming RG, Bleasel J, et al. Prevalence of and screening for serious spinal pathology in patients presenting to primary care settings with acute low back pain. Arthritis Rheum 2009 Oct;60(10):3072-3080.

Jarvik JG, Deyo RA. Diagnostic evaluation of low back pain with emphasis on imaging. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137:586-597.

Jarvik JG, Hollingworth W, Martin B, Emerson SS, Gray DT, Overman S, et al. Rapid magnetic resonance imaging vs radiographs for patients with low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA2003; 289: 2810–18.

Kasch R, Scheele J, Hancock M, Hofer A, Maher C, Bülow R, Lange J, Lahm A, Napp M, Wassilew G, Schmidt CO. Prevalence of benign osseous lesions of the spine and association with spinal pain in the general population in whole body MRI. PLoS One. 2019 Sep 9;14(9):e0219846. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219846. eCollection 2019. PubMed PMID: 31498790.

Lurie JD, Birkmeyer NJ, Weinstein JN. Rates of advanced spinal imaging and spine surgery. Spine2003; 28: 616–20.

Newman-Toker DE, Pronovost PJ. Diagnostic errors--the next frontier for patient safety. JAMA. 2009;301(10):1060-2.

Savigny P, Kuntze S, Watson P, Underwood M, Ritchie G , Cotterell M, Hill D, Browne N, Buchanan E, Coffey P, Dixon P, Drummond C, Flanagan M, Greenough,C, Griffiths M, Halliday-Bell J, Hettinga D, Vogel S, Walsh D. Low Back Pain: early management of persistent non-specific low back pain. Full Guideline. National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE), 2009; Disponible en www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/CG88fullguideline.pdf, visitada el 9 de agosto de 2013.

Underwood M. Diagnosing acute nonspecific low back pain: time to lower the red flags? Arthritis Rheum 2009;60(10):2855-2857.

Como aparece el dolor de espalda:

Akagi H, Konishi S, Otsuka M, Yanagisawa M. The role of substance P as a neurotransmitter in the reflexes of slow time courses in the neonatal rat spinal cord. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1985;84:663-673.

Basbaum AI Levine JD. The contribution of the nervous system to inflammation and inflamatory disease. Can J. Physiol. Pharmacol 1991;69:647-651.

Basile S, Khalil Z, Helme RD. Skin vascular reactivity to the neuropeptide substance P in rats with peripheral mononeuropathy. Pain 1993; 52: 217-22.

Birch PJ, Harrison SM, Hayes AG, Rogers H, Tyers MB. The non-peptide NK receptor antagonist (±)CP-96,345, produces antinociceptive and anti-oedema effects in the rat. Br. J. Pharmcol. 1992;105:508-510.

Brodin E, Linderoth B, Cazelius B, Ungerstedt. In vivo release of substance P in cat dorsal horn studied with microdialysis. Neurosci. Lett 1987;76:357-362.

Coderre TJ, Basbaum AI, Levine JD. Neural control of vascular permeability: interactions between primary afferents, mast cells, and sympathetic efferents. J. Neurphysiol. 1989;62:48-58.

Collingridge GL, Bliss TVP. NMDA receptors -their rol in long-term potentiation. TINS 1987; 10: 288-293.

Cook AJ, Woolf CJ, Wall PD, McMahon SB. Dynamic receptive field plasticity in rat spinal dorsal horn following C-primary afferent input. Nature(Lond) 1987; 325: 151-153.

Costa D, Baños JE. Contribución del sistema nervioso central a la fisiopatología del dolor neuropático. Med Clin (Barc) 1993; 101: 591-595.

Cross SA. Pathophysiology of pain. Mayo Clinic Proc 1994; 69:375-383

Cuello AC. Peptides as neuromodulators in primary sensory neurons. Neuropharmacology. 1987;7:971-979.

Cuello C, Kanazawa I. The distribution of substance P immunoreactive fibers in the rat central nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol 1987;178:129-156.

Garret C, Carruette A, Fardin V, Moussaoui S, Peyronel JF, Blanchard JC, Laduron M. Pharmacological properties of a potent and selective nonpeptide substance P antagonist. Proc. Natl. Acad. USA. 1991;88:10208-10212.

D'Amour RE, Smith DL. A method for determining loss of pain sensation. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap. 1992;72:74-79

De Koninck Y, Ribeiro da Silva A, Henry JL, Cuello AC. Spiral neurons exhibiting a specific nociceptive response receive abundant substance P-containing synaptic contacts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1992;89:5073-5077.

Duggan AW, Hendry JA, Morton CR, Hutchison WD, Zhao ZQ. Cutaneous stimuli releasing immunoreactive subtance P in the dorsal horn of the cat. Brain Res. 1988;451:262-265.

Fields HL. Pain. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1987.

Go VLW, Yaksh TL. Release of substance P from the cat spinal cord. J. Physiol (Lond)1987;391:141-167.

Henry JL, Krnjevic K, Morris E. Substance P and spinal neurones. Can J. Phisiol. Pharmacol. 1975;53:423-432.

Henry JL. Effects of substance P on functionally identified units in cat spinal cord. Brain Res. 1976;114:439-451.

Henry JL, Sessle BJ Lucier GE Hu JW. Effects of substance P on nociceptive and non-nociceptive trigeminal brain stem neurons. Pain 1980;8:33-45.

Henry JL. Relation of substance P to pain transmission: neurophysiological evidence. Ciba. Found Symp. 1982;9:206-224.

Henry JL. Substance P antiinflammatory pain: potential of substance P antagonists as analgesics. Agents Actions. 1993; 41 (suppl):75-87.

Hökfelt T, Kellerth O, Nilsson G, Pernow B. Substance P: localitation in the central nervous system and in some primary sensory neurons. Science 1975;190:889-891.
Korr IM, Thomas PE, Wright HM. Symposium on the functional implications of segmental facilitation. J Amer Ostepath Assoc 1955; 54: 1-18.

Kowalsky ML, SliwinskaKowalska M, Kaliner MA. Neurogenic inflammation, vascular permeability, and mast cells II. Additional evidence indicating that mast cells are not involved in neurogenic inflammation. J Immunol 1990; 145: 1214 - 21.

Kumazawa T, Perl ER. Primate cutaneous receptors with unmyelinated (c) afferent projection to the substantia gelatinosa. J. Physiol Paris 1977;73:287-304.

Lawrence KB, Venepalli BR, Appell KC, Goswami R, Logan ME, Tomczuk BE, Yanni JM. Synthesis and substance P antagonist activity of naphthimidazollum derivatives. J. Med Chem 1992;35:1273-1279.

Lembeck F, Donnerer J, Tsuchiya M, Nagahisa A. The non-peptide tachykinin antagonist, CP-96,345, is a potent inhibitor of neurogenic inflammation. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1992;105:527-530.

Le Vasseur SA, Gibson SJ, Jelme RD. The measurement of capsaicin sensitive sensory nerve fiber function in elderly patients with pain. Pain 1990; 41: 19 - 25.

Light AR, Perl ER. Spinal termination of functionally identified primay afferent neurons with slowly conducting myelinated fibers. J. Comp. Neurol 1979;186:133-150.

Lynn B, Shakhanbeh J. Neurogenic inflammation in the skin of the rabbit. AgentsActions 1988; 25 : 228 - 30.

Mayer EA, Raybould H, Koelbel C. Neuropeptides, inflammation and motility. Dig Dis Sci 1988; 33: 71S - 77S.

Morton CR, Hutchinson WD. Release of sensory neuropeptides in the spinal cord: studies with calcitonin gene-related peptide and galanin. Neuroscience 1989 31: 807 - 15.

Nagahisa A, Y Kanai Y, Suga O, Taniguchi K, Tsuchiya M, Lowe JA. Antiinflammatory and analgesic activity of a non-peptide substance P receptor antagonist. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1992;217:191-195.

Nicoll RA, Schenker C and Leeman SE. Substance P as a transmitter candidate. Ann Rev. Neurosci 1980;3:227-268.

Nussbaumer JC, Yanagisawa M, Otsuka M. Pharmacological properties of a C-fibre response evoked by saphenous nerve stimulation in an isolated spinal cord-nerve preparation of the newborn rat. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1989;98:373-382.

Otsuka M, Yanagisawa M. Effects of a tachykinin antagonist on a nociceptive reflex in the isolated spinal cord-tail preparation of the newborn rat. J. Physiol. (Lond)1988;395:255-270.

Otsuka M, Yanagisawa. Pain and neurotransmitters. Cell Mol. Neurbiol. 1990;10:293-302.

Pedersen-Bejergaard U, Nielsen LB, Jensen K, Edvinsson L, Jansen I, Olesen J. Algesia and local responses indiced by neurokinin A and substance P in human skin and temporal muscle. Peptides 1989;10:1147-1152.

Pedersen-Bejergaard U, Nielsen LB, Jensen K, Edvinsson L, Jansen I, Olesen J. Calcitonin gene-related peptide, neurokinin a and substance P: Effects on nociception and neurogenic inflammation in human skin and temporal muscle. Peptides 1991;12:333-337.

Piercey MF, Einspahr FJ. Use of substance P partial fragments to characterize substance P receptors of cat dorsal horn neurons. Brain Res. 1980;187:481-486.

Radhakrishnan V, Henry JL. Novel substance P antagonist, CP-96, 345, blocks responses of spinal dorsal horn neurons to noxious cutaneous stimulation and to substance P. Neurosci. Lett. 1991;132:39-43.

Randic M, Miletic V. Effects of substance P in cat dorsal horn neurones activated by noxious stimuli. Brain Res. 1977;128:164-169.

Ruda MA, Bennett, Dubner R. Neurochemistry and neural circuitry in the dorsal horn. In peptides and neurological disease. Prog. Brain Res., Vol 66 (Eds. P. C. Emson, M. Rossoe and M. Tohyama)pp. 219-268, Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam 1986.

Sastry BR, Substance P effects on spinal nociceptive neurones. Life Sci. 1979;24:2169-2178.

Sugiura Y. LeeCL, Perl ER. Central projections of identified, unmyelinated (c) afferent fibers innervating mammalian skin. Science 1986;234:358-361.

Takahashi T, Otsuka M. Regional distribution of substance P in the spinal cord and nerve roots of tha cat and the effect of dorsal root section. Brain Res. 1975;87:1-11.

Theriault E, Otsuka M, Jessell T. Capsaicin-evoked release of substance P from primary sensory neurons. Brain Res. 1979;170:209-213.

Thompson SWN, Woolf CJ. Primary afferent-evoked prolonged potentials in the spinal cord and their central summation :role of the NMDA receptor. In: Bond MR, Charlton JE, Woolf CJ editores. Proceedings of the VIth World Congress on Pain. Amsterdam: Elsevier 1991; 291-297.

Shahidi B, Fisch KM, Gibbons MC, Ward SR. Increased Fibrogenic Gene Expression in Multifidus Muscles of Patients With Chronic Versus Acute Lumbar Spine Pathology. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2020 Feb 15;45(4):E189-E195. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000003243. PMID: 31513095; PMCID: PMC6994378

Wilcox GL. Excitatory neurotransmitters and pain. En: Bond MR, Charlton JE, Woolf CJ editores. Proceedings of the Vith World Congress on Pain. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1991;97-117.

Woolf CJ, Thompson SWN. The induction and maintenance of central sensitization is dependent on N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptor activation; implications for the treatment on post-injury pain hypersensitivity states. Pain 1991;44:293-299.

Yamamoto T, Yaksh TL. Stereospecific effects of a nonpeptidic NKl selective antagonist, CP-96,345: Antinociception in the absence of motor dysfunction. Life Sci. 1991;49:1955-1963.

Yashpal K, Wright DM, Henry JL. Substance P reduces tall-flick latency: implications for chronic pain syndromes. Pain 1982;14:155-167.

Yashpal K, Henry JL. Endorphins mediate overshoot of substance P-induced facilitation of a spinal nociceptive reflex. Can J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 1983;61:303-307.

Yashpal K, Henry JL. Substance P analogue blocks SP-induced facilitation of a spinal nociceptive reflex. Brain Res. Bull 1984;13:597-600.

Yashpal K, Dam TV, Quirion R. Quantitative autoradiographic distribution of multiple neurokinin binding sites in rat spinal cord. Brain Res. 1990;506:259-266.

Yashpal K, Dam TV, Quirion R. Effects of dorsal rhizotomy on neurokinin receptor sub-types in the rat spinal Cord: a quantitative autoradiographic study. Brain Res. 1991;552:240-247.

Yashal K, Radhakrishnan V, Coderre TJ, Henry JL. CP-96,345, but not its stereoisomer, CP-96,344, blocks the nociceptive responses to intrathecally administered substance P and to noxious thermal and chemical stimuli in the rat. Neuroscience 1993; 52: 1039-1047.

Síndromes mecánicos inespecíficos:

Qué son

Schellingerhout JM, Heymans MW, Verhagen AP, Lewis M, de Vet HCW, Koes BW Prognosis of Patients With Nonspecific Neck Pain. Development and External Validation of a Prediction Rule for Persistence of Complaints. Spine 2010;35:E827–E835

van Middelkoop M, Rubinstein SM, Ostelo R, van Tulder MW, Peul W, Koes BW, Verhagen AP. No additional value of fusion techniques on anterior discectomy for neck pain: a systematic review. Pain 2012;153(11):2167-73.

Waddell G. The Back Pain Revolution. 2 edition ed. London: Churchill-Livingstone; 2004.

Cómo se producen

Auvinen JP, Tammelin TH, Taimela SP, Zitting PJ, Jävrvelin MR, Taanila AM, Karppinen JI. Is insufficient quantity and quality of sleep a risk factor for neck, shoulder and low back pain? A longitudinal study among adolescents. Eur Spine J 2010 19:641–649

Chou R, Huffman LH. Evaluation & Management of Low Back Pain: Evidence Review for the American Pain Society. Oregon Evidence-based Practice Center. Oregon, 2007

Hopayian K, Song F, Riera R, Sambandan S. The clinical features of the piriformis syndrome: a systematic review. Eur Spine J. 2010 ;19(12):2095-109.

Jankovic D, Peng P, van Zundert A. Brief review: Piriformis syndrome: etiology, diagnosis, and management. Can J Anaesth. 2013 Jul 27. [Epub ahead of print]

Kääriä S, Laaksonen M, Rahkonen O, Lahelma E, Leino-Arjas P. Risk factors of chronic neck pain: a prospective study among middle-aged employees. Eur J Pain 2012 Jul;16(6):911-20.

Kasai Y, Takegami K, Uchida A. Change of barometric pressure influences low back pain in patients with vacuum phenomenon within lumbar intervertebral disc. J Spinal Disord Tech. 2002;15(4):290-3

Konno S, Kikuchi S, Nagaosa Y. The relationship between intramuscular pressure of the paraspinal muscles and low back pain. Spine 1994;19(19):2186-9.

Kovacs FM, Seco-Calvo J, Fernández-Félix BM, Zamora J, Royuela A, Muriel A. Predicting the evolution of neck pain episodes in routine clinical practice. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2019 Dec 26;20(1):620. doi: 10.1186/s12891-019-2962-9. PMID: 31878906; PMCID: PMC6933702

Martin BI, Deyo RA, Mirza SK, Turner JA, Comstock BA, Hollingworth W, Sullivan SD. Expenditures and health status among adults with back and neck problems. JAMA. 2008 ;299(6):656-64.

Matsuyama Y, Hasegawa Y, Yoshihara H, Tsuji T, Sakai Y, Nakamura H, Kawakami N, Kanemura T, Yukawa Y, Ishiguro N. Hip-spine syndrome: total sagittal alignment of the spine and clinical symptoms in patients with bilateral congenital hip dislocation. Spine 2004;29(21):2432-7.

McGorry RW, Hsiang SM, Snook SH, Clancy EA, Young SL. Meteorological conditions and self-report of low back pain. Spine 1998;23(19):2096-102.

Miller TA, White KP, Ross DC. The diagnosis and management of Piriformis Syndrome: myths and facts. Can J Neurol Sci. 2012;39(5):577-83.

Morinaga T, Takahashi K, Yamagata M, Chiba T, Tanaka K, Takahashi Y, Nakamura S, Suseki K, Moriya H. Sensory innervation to the anterior portion of lumbar intervertebral disc. Spine 1996;21(16):1848-51.

O'Donoghue GM, Fox N, Heneghan C, Hurley DA. Objective and subjective assessment of sleep in chronic low back pain patients compared with healthy age and gender matched controls: a pilot study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2009 Oct 2;10:122. doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-10-122.

Ohtori S, Takahashi K, Chiba T, Yamagata M, Sameda H, Moriya H. Sensory innervation of the dorsal portion of the lumbar intervertebral discs in rats. Spine 2001;26(8):946-50.

Ohtori S, Inoue G, Koshi T, Ito T, Watanabe T, Yamashita M, Yamauchi K, Suzuki M, Doya H, Moriya H, Takahashi Y, Takahashi K. Sensory innervation of lumbar vertebral bodies in rats. Spine 2007;32(14):1498-502.

Pincus T, Burton AK, Vogel S, Field AP. A systematic review of psychological factors as predictors of chronicity/disability in prospective cohorts of low back pain. Spine 2002;27:E109-E120.

Taguchi T, Hoheisel U, Mense S. Dorsal horn neurons having input from low back structures in rats. Pain 2008;138(1):119-29.

Valenza MC, Valenza G, González-Jiménez E, De-la-Llave-Rincón AI, Arroyo-Morales M, Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C. Alteration in sleep quality in patients with mechanical insidious neck pain and whiplash-associated neck pain. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;91(7):584-91.

van de Water AT, Eadie J, Hurley DA. Investigation of sleep disturbance in chronic low back pain: an age- and gender-matched case-control study over a 7-night period. Man Ther 2011;16(6):550-6.

Síntomas:

Cheng L, Fan W, Liu B, Wang X, Nie L Th17 lymphocyte levels are higher in patients with ruptured than non-ruptured lumbar discs, and are correlated with pain intensity. Injury. 2013 May 13. pii: S0020-1383(13)00187-3. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2013.04.010. [Epub ahead of print]

Crombez G, Vlaeyen JW, Heuts PH, Lysens R. Pain-related fear is more disabling than pain itself: evidence on the role of pain-related fear in chronic back pain disability. Pain 1999;80(1-2):329-39

Dahm KT, Brurberg KG, Jamtvedt G, Hagen KB. Advice to rest in bed versus advice to stay active for acute low-back pain and sciatica. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jun 16;(6):CD007612. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007612.pub2.

Egeland NG, Moen A, Pedersen LM, Brisby H, Gjerstad J. Spinal nociceptive hyperexcitability induced by experimental disc herniation is associated with enhanced local expression of Csf1 and FasL. Pain. 2013 May 24. pii: S0304-3959(13)00273-X. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.05.034. [Epub ahead of print]

Field S, Treleaven J, Jull G. Standing balance: a comparison between idiopathic and whiplash-induced neck pain. Man Ther 2008;13:183–91.

Hopayian K, Song F, Riera R, Sambandan S. The clinical features of the piriformis syndrome: a systematic review. Eur Spine J. 2010 ;19(12):2095-109.

Hsu WL, Chen CP, Nikkhoo M, Lin CF, Ching CT, Niu CC, Cheng CH. Fatigue changes neck muscle control and deteriorates postural stability during arm movement perturbations in patients with chronic neck pain. Spine J. 2019 Oct 28. pii: S1529-9430(19)31062-9. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2019.10.016.

Jankovic D, Peng P, van Zundert A. Brief review: Piriformis syndrome: etiology, diagnosis, and management. Can J Anaesth. 2013 Jul 27. [Epub ahead of print]

Karayannis NV, Smeets RJ, van den Hoorn W, Hodges PW. Fear of Movement Is Related to Trunk Stiffness in Low Back Pain. PLoS One. 2013 27;8(6):e67779.

Kepler, Christopher K. MD, MBA; Markova, Dessislava Z. PhD; Hilibrand, Alan S. MD; Vaccaro, Alexander R. MD, PhD; Risbud, Makarand V. PhD; Albert, Todd J. MD; Anderson, D. Greg MD Substance P Stimulates Production of Inflammatory Cytokines in Human Disc Cells. Spine 2013;38:E1291–E1299.

Kobayashi S, Yoshizawa H, Yamada S. Pathology of lumbar nerve root compression. Part 2: morphological and immunohistochemical changes of dorsal root ganglion. J Orthop Res 2004;22(1):180-8.

Kobayashi S, Kokubo Y, Uchida K, Yayama T, Takeno K, Negoro K, Nakajima H, Baba H, Yoshizawa H. Effect of lumbar nerve root compression on primary sensory neurons and their central branches: changes in the nociceptive neuropeptides substance P and somatostatin. Spine 2005;30(3):276-82

Kokubo Y, Uchida K, Kobayashi S, Yayama T, Sato R, Nakajima H, Takamura T, Mwaka E, Orwotho N, Bangirana A, Baba H. Herniated and spondylotic intervertebral discs of the human cervical spine: histological and immunohistological findings in 500 en bloc surgical samples. Laboratory investigation. J Neurosurg Spine. 2008;9(3):285-95

Kovacs FM, Abraira V, Zamora J, Gil del Real MT, Llobera J, Fernández C, and the Kovacs-Atención Primaria Group. Correlation between pain, disability and quality of life in patients with common low back pain. Spine 2004;29(2):206-210.

Kovacs FM, Abraira V, Zamora J, Fernández C and the Spanish Back Pain Research Network. The transition from acute to subacute and chronic low back pain. A study based on determinants of quality of life and prediction of chronic disability. Spine 2005;30(15):1786-1792

Kovacs FM, Muriel A, Abraira V, et al. The influence of fear avoidance beliefs on disability and quality of life is sparse in Spanish low back pain patients. Spine 2005;30:E676-E682

Kovacs F, Abraira V, Cano A, Royuela A, Gil del Real MT, Gestoso M, Mufraggi N, Muriel A, Zamora J, Spanish Back Pain Research Network. Fear Avoidance Beliefs do not influence disability and quality of life in Spanish elderly subjects with low back pain. Spine 2007;32:2133-2138.

Kovacs FM, Muriel A, Castillo Sánchez MD, Medina JM, Royuela A and the Spanish Back Pain Research Network. Fear avoidance beliefs influence duration of sick leave in Spanish low back pain patients. Spine 2007;32:1761–1766.

Kovacs F, Abraira V, Santos S, et al. A Comparison of Two Short Education Programs for Improving Low Back Pain-Related Disability in the Elderly. A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial. Spine 2007;32:1053–1059

Kovacs FM, Abraira V, Royuela A, Corcoll J, Alegre L, Cano A etal. Minimal clinically important change for pain intensity and disability in patients with nonspecific low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976 ) 2007; 32:2915-2920.

Kovacs FM, Seco J, Royuela A, Corcoll, J, Peña A, and the Spanish Back Pain Research Network. The prognostic value of catastrophizing for predicting the clinical evolution of low back pain patients. A study in routine clinical practice within the Spanish National Health Service [NCT00502333]. Spine J 2012;12:545-555

Kovacs FM, Seco J, Royuela A, Melis S, Sánchez C, Díaz-Arribas MJ, Meli M, Núñez M, Martínez-Rodríguez ME, Fernández C, Gestoso M, Mufraggi N, Moyá J, Rodríguez-Pérez V, Torres-Unda J, Burgos-Alonso N, Gago-Fernández I, Abraira V. Patients with neck pain are less likely to improve if theyexperience poor sleep quality: a prospective study inroutine practice. Clin J Pain. 2015 Aug;31(8):713-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26153781

Miller TA, White KP, Ross DC. The diagnosis and management of Piriformis Syndrome: myths and facts. Can J Neurol Sci. 2012;39(5):577-83.

Ohtori S, Takahashi K, Chiba T, Yamagata M, Sameda H, Moriya H. Sensory innervation of the dorsal portion of the lumbar intervertebral discs in rats. Spine 2001;26(8):946-50.

Palmgren T, Grönblad M, Virri J, Seitsalo S, Ruuskanen M, Karaharju E. Immunohistochemical demonstration of sensory and autonomic nerve terminals in herniated lumbardisc tissue. Spine 1996;21(11):1301-6.

Picavet HS, Vlaeyen JW, Schouten JS. Pain catastrophizing and kinesiophobia: predictors of chronic low back pain. Am J Epidemiol 2002;156(11):1028-34.

Pincus T, Burton AK, Vogel S, Field AP. A systematic review of psychological factors as predictors of chronicity/disability in prospective cohorts of low back pain. Spine 2002;27:E109-E120.
Moix J, Kovacs FM, Martín A, Plana MN, Royuela A, and the Spanish Back Pain Research Network. Catastrophizing, state-anxiety, anger and depressive symptoms do not correlate with disability when variations of trait-anxiety are taken into account. A study of chronic low back pain patients treated in Spanish pain units [NCT00360802]. Pain Med 2011;12:1008–1017.

Poole E, Treleaven J, Jull G. The influence of neck pain on balance and gait parameters in community-dwelling elders. Man Ther 2008;13:317–24.

Ruhe A, Fejer R, Walker B. Altered postural sway in patients suffering from non-specific neck pain and whiplash associated disorder - A systematic review of the literature. Chiropr Man Therap 2011;19:13.

Sameda H, Takahashi Y, Takahashi K, Chiba T, Ohtori S, Moriya H. Dorsal root ganglion neurones with dichotomising afferent fibres to both the lumbar disc and the groin skin. A possible neuronal mechanism underlying referred groin pain in lower lumbar disc diseases. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2003;85(4):600-3.

Swinkels-Meewisse IE, Roelofs J, Schouten EG, Verbeek AL, Oostendorp RA, Vlaeyen JW. Fear of movement/(re)injury predicting chronic disabling low back pain: a prospective inception cohort study. Spine 2006;31(6):658-64.

Taguchi T, Hoheisel U, Mense S. Dorsal horn neurons having input from low back structures in rats. Pain 2008;138(1):119-29.

Treleaven J. Sensorimotor disturbances in neck disorders affecting postural stability, head and eye movement control. Man Ther 2008;13:2–11

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Diagnóstico:

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Deyo RA, Weinstein JN. Low back pain. N Engl J Med 2001;344(5):363-370.

Fairbank J, Hashimoto R, Dailey A, Patel AA, Dettori JR. Does patient history and physical examination predict MRI proven cauda equina syndrome? Evid Based Spine Care J. 2011;2(4):27-33.

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Flynn TW, Smith B, Chou R. Appropriate use of diagnostic imaging in low back pain: a reminder that unnecessary imaging may do as much harm as good. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2011 Nov;41(11):838-846.

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Newman-Toker DE, Pronovost PJ. Diagnostic errors--the next frontier for patient safety. JAMA. 2009;301(10):1060-2.

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Riesgos:

Chou R, Huffman LH. Evaluation & Management of Low Back Pain: Evidence Review for the American Pain Society. Oregon Evidence-based Practice Center. Oregon, 2007

Chou R, Baisden J, Carragee EJ, Resnick DK, Shaffer WO, Loeser JD. Surgery for low back pain: a review of the evidence for an American Pain Society Clinical Practice Guideline. Spine 2009;34(10):1094-109.

Chou R, Shekelle P.Will this patient develop persistent disabling low back pain? JAMA. 2010;303(13):1295-302.

da C Menezes Costa L, Maher CG, Hancock MJ, McAuley JH, Herbert RD, Costa LO. The prognosis of acute and persistent low-back pain: a meta-analysis. CMAJ. 2012;184(11):E613-24.

Fernandes ES, Fernandes MA, Keeble JE. The functions of TRPA1 and TRPV1: moving away from sensory nerves. Br J Pharmacol. 2012;166(2):510-21.

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Hayden JA, Chou R, Hogg-Johnson S, Bombardier C. Systematic reviews of low back pain prognosis had variable methods and results: guidance for future prognosis reviews. J Clin Epidemiol. 2009;62(8):781-796.

Heymans MW, van Buuren S, Knol DL, Anema JR, van Mechelen W, de Vet HCW. The prognosis of chronic low back pain is determined by changes in pain and disability in the initial period. Spine J 2010;10:847-856.

Kääriä S, Laaksonen M, Rahkonen O, Lahelma E, Leino-Arjas P. Risk factors of chronic neck pain: a prospective study among middle-aged employees. Eur J Pain 2012 Jul;16(6):911-20.

Kasai Y, Takegami K, Uchida A. Change of barometric pressure influences low back pain in patients with vacuum phenomenon within lumbar intervertebral disc. J Spinal Disord Tech. 2002;15(4):290-3.

Konno S, Kikuchi S, Nagaosa Y. The relationship between intramuscular pressure of the paraspinal muscles and low back pain. Spine 1994;19(19):2186-9.

Kovacs FM, Muriel A, Abraira V, et al. The influence of fear avoidance beliefs on disability and quality of life is sparse in Spanish low back pain patients. Spine 2005;30:E676-E682

Kovacs FM, Noguera J, Abraira V, Royuela A, Cano A, Gil del Real MT, Zamora J, Gestoso M, Muriel A, Mufraggi N. The influence of psychological factors on low back pain-related disability in community-dwelling older persons. Pain Med 2008;9(7):871-880.

Kovacs FM, Seco J, Royuela A, Betegon JN, Sánchez- Herráez S, Meli M, Núñez M, Martínez-Rodríguez ME, Núñez M, Álvarez-Galovich L, Moyá J, Sánchez C, Luna S, Borrego P, Moix J, Rodríguez-Pérez V, Torres -Unda J, Burgos-Alonso N, Gago-Fernández I, González-Rubio Y, Abraira V. The association between sleep quality, low back painand disability: A prospective study in routine practive. European J. Pain. 2017 Aug 27. doi: 10.1002/ejp.1095

Marty M, Rozenberg S, Duplan B, Thomas P, Duquesnoy B, Allaert F. Quality of sleep in patients with chronic low back pain: a case-control study. Eur Spine J 2008, 17:839-844.

McGorry RW, Hsiang SM, Snook SH, Clancy EA, Young SL. Meteorological conditions and self-report of low back pain. Spine 1998;23(19):2096-102

McLean SM, May S, Klaber-Moffett J, Sharp DM, Gardiner E. Risk factors for the onset of non-specific neck pain: a systematic review. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2010 Jul;64(7):565-72.

Merskey HB, Bogduk N. Detailed descriptions of pain syndromes. In: Merskey HB, Bogduk N, eds. Classiﬁcation of chronic pain. Seattle, WA: IASP Press, 1994:39–58.

Paksaichol A, Janwantanakul P, Purepong N, Pensri P, van der Beek AJ. Office workers' risk factors for the development of non-specific neck pain: a systematic review of prospective cohort studies. Occup Environ Med. 2012;69(9):610-8.

Pincus T, Burton AK, Vogel S, Field AP. A systematic review of psychological factors as predictors of chronicity/disability in prospective cohorts of low back pain. Spine 2002;27:E109-E120.

Ranger TA, Cicuttini FM, Jensen TS, Heritier S, Urquhart DM. Paraspinal muscle cross-sectional area predicts low back disability but not pain intensity. SpineJ. 2019 May;19(5):862-868.

Pinheiro MB, Ferreira ML, Refshauge K, Ordoñana JR, Machado GC, Prado LR, Maher CG, Ferreira PH. Symptoms of Depression and Risk of New Episodes of Low Back Pain: A SystematicReview and Meta-Analysis. ArthritisCare Res (Hoboken).

Stanton TR, Henschke N, Maher CG, Refshauge KM, Latimer J, McAuley JH. After an episode of acute low back pain, recurrence is unpredictable and not as common as previously thought. Spine 2008;33(26):2923-8.

van de Water AT, Eadie J, Hurley DA. Investigation of sleep disturbance in chronic low back pain: an age- and gender-matched case-control study over a 7-night period. Man Ther 2011;16(6):550-6.

Waddell G. The Back Pain Revolution. 2 edition ed. London: Churchill-Livingstone; 2004.

Yabe Y, Hagiwara Y, Sekiguchi T, Sugawara Y, Tsuchiya M, Yoshida S, Tsuji I. Sleep disturbance is associated with neck pain: a 3-year longitudinal study after the Great East Japan Earthquake. BMC MusculoskeletDisord. 2022 May 16;23(1):459. doi: 10.1186/s12891-022-05410-w. PMID: 35578231; PMCID: PMC9109362.

Zhang YG, Zhang F, Sun Z, Guo W, Liu J, Liu M, Guo X. A controlled case study of the relationship between environmental risk factors and apoptotic gene polymorphism and lumbar disc herniation. Am J Pathol. 2013;182(1):56-63.

Tratamiento:

Boselie TF, Willems PC, van Mameren H, de Bie RA, Benzel EC, van Santbrink H. Arthroplasty versus fusion in single-level cervical degenerative disc disease: a Cochrane review. Spine 2013;38(17):E1096-107.

Carragee EJ, Don AS, Hurwitz EL, Cuellar JM, Carrino J, Herzog R 2009 ISSLS Prize Winner: Does Discography Cause Accelerated Progression of Degeneration Changes in the Lumbar Disc. A Ten-Year Matched Cohort Study.Spine 2009;34:2338–2345

Carragee EJ, Deyo RA, Kovacs FM, Wilco CP, Lurie JD, Urrútia G. Clinical research. Is the spine field a mine field? Spine 2009;34:423-430

Carragee EJ, Ghanayem AJ, Weiner BK, Rothman DJ, Bono CM A challenge to integrity in spine publications: years of living dangerously with the promotion of bone growth factors. Spine J. 2011;11(6):463-8.

Chou R, Huffman LH. Evaluation & Management of Low Back Pain: Evidence Review for the American Pain Society. Oregon Evidence-based Practice Center. Oregon, 2007

Coenen P, de Wind A, van de Ven P, de Maaker-Berkhof M, Koes B, Buchbinder R, Hartvigsen J, Anema JHR. The slow de-implementation of non-evidence-based treatments in low back pain hospital care-Trends in treatments using Dutch hospital register data from 1991 to 2018. Eur J Pain. 2023 Feb;27(2):212-222. doi: 10.1002/ejp.2052. Epub 2022 Nov 12. PMID: 36317649

Diario Médico. La Sermef cuestiona la validez del estudio sobre gasto en rehabilitación. Diario Médico del 22 de febrero de 2012, disponible en http://www.diariomedico.com/2012/02/24/area-profesional/sanidad/sermef-cuestiona-validez-estudio-gasto-rehabilitacion, visitada el 15 de agosto de 2013

Diario Médico. Duras réplicas a la Sermef después de sus acusaciones. Diario Médico del 27 de febrero de 2012, disponible en http://www.diariomedico.com/2012/02/27/area-profesional/sanidad/duras-replicas-sermef-despues-acusaciones, visitada el 15 de agosto de 2013

Gibson JN, Waddell G. Surgery for degenerative lumbar spondylosis; Updated Cochrane review. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005 Oct 19;(4):CD001352. Review.

Jacobs WCH, van der Gaag NA, Kruyt MC , Tuschel A, de Kleuver M, Peul WC, Verbout AJ, Oner FC Total Disc Replacement for Chronic Discogenic Low Back Pain. A Cochrane Review. Spine 2013; 38 : 24 – 36

Jacobs W, Willems PC, van Limbeek J, Bartels R, Pavlov P, Anderson PG, Oner C. Single or double-level anterior interbody fusion techniques for cervical degenerative disc disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Jan 19;(1):CD004958. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004958.pub2. Review

Schwartz M, Fischer LM, Bläute C, Stork J, Colloca L, Zöllner C, Klinger R. Observing treatment outcomes in other patients can elicit augmented placebo effects on pain treatment: a double-blinded randomized clinical trial with patients with chronic low back pain. Pain. 2022 Jul 1;163(7):1313-1323. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002513. Epub 2021 Dec 17. PMID: 35262315; PMCID: PMC9199107.

Serrano-Aguilar P, Kovacs FM, Cabrera-Hernández JM, Ramos-Goñi JM, García-Pérez L. Avoidable costs of physical treatments for chronic back, neck and shoulder pain within the Spanish National Health Service: a cross-sectional study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2011;12:287 doi:10.1186/1471-2474-12-287

Skelly AC, Chou R, Dettori JR, Turner JA, Friedly JL, Rundell SD, Fu R, Brodt ED, Wasson N, Kantner S, Ferguson AJR. Noninvasive Nonpharmacological Treatment for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review Update [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2020 Apr. Report No.: 20-EHC009. PMID: 32338846.

Willems P, de Bie R, Oner C, Castelein R, de Kleuver M. Clinical decision making in spinal fusion for chronic low back pain: Results of a nationwide survey among spine surgeons, BMJ Open, 2011;1:e000391. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000391

Spinal fusion for chronic low back pain: systematic review on the accuracy of tests for patient selection.

Alteraciones estructurales de la columna vertebral

Anomalías de transición lumbosacra

Bron JL, van Royen BJ, Wuisman PI. The clinical significance of lumbosacral transitional anomalies. Acta Orthop Belg. 2007;73(6):687-95.

Chou R, Huffman LH. Evaluation & Management of Low Back Pain: Evidence Review for the American Pain Society. Oregon Evidence-based Practice Center. Oregon, 2007

Chou R, Fu R, Carrino JA, Deyo RA. Imaging strategies for low-back pain: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2009;373(9662):463-72.

Kovacs FM, Arana E, Royuela A, Estremera A, Amengual G, Asenjo B, Sarasíbar H, Galarraga I, Alonso A, Casillas C, Muriel A, Martínez C, Abraira V; for the Spanish Back Pain Research Network. Vertebral endplate changes are not associated with chronic low back pain among Southern European subjects: A case control study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2012;33:1519-1524

Roland M, van Tulder M. Should radiologists change the way they report plain radiography of the spine? Lancet. 1998;352(9123):229-30.

Escoliosis

Bas P, Romagnoli M, Gomez-Cabrera MC, Bas JL, Villar-Aura J, Franco N, Bas T Beneficial effects of aerobic training in adolescent patients with moderate idiopathic scoliosis. Eur Spine J (2011) 20 (Suppl 3):S415–S419

Buchanan R, Birch JG, Morto AA, Browne RH ( 2003) Do You See What I See? Looking at Scoliosis Surgical Outcomes Through Orthopedists’ Eyes. Spine, 28:2700–2705

Burwell RG, Dangerfield PH, Moulton A, Grivas TB, Cheng JC. Whither the etiopathogenesis (and scoliogeny) of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis? Incorporating presentations on scoliogeny at the 2012 IRSSD and SRS meetings. Scoliosis. 2013 Feb 28;8(1):4.

Charalampidis A, Diarbakerli E, Dufvenberg M, Jalalpour K, Ohlin A, Ahl AA, Möller H, Abbott A, Gerdhem P; CONTRAIS Study Group Nighttime Bracing or Exercise in Moderate-Grade Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA Netw Open. 2024 Jan 2;7(1):e2352492. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.52492.

Choi BK, Verbeek JH, Tam WW, Jiang JY. Exercises for prevention of recurrences of low-back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jan 20;(1):CD006555.

Chou R, Huffman LH. Evaluation & Management of Low Back Pain: Evidence Review for the American Pain Society. Oregon Evidence-based Practice Center. Oregon, 2007

Clough M, Justice CM, Marosy B, Miller NH. Males with familial idiopathic scoliosis: a distinct phenotypic subgroup. Spine 2010 Jan 15;35(2):162-8.

Danielsson AJ, Hasserius R, Ohlin A, Nachemson AL ( 2010) Health-Related Quality of Life in Untreated Versus Brace-Treated Patients With Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis. A Long-term Follow-up .Spine , 35:199–205

Fendri K, Patten SA, Kaufman GN, Zaouter C, Parent S, Grimard G, Edery P, Moldovan F Microarray expression profiling identifies genes with altered expression in Adolescent IdiopathicScoliosis. Eur Spine J. 2013 Jun;22(6):1300-11.

Fusco C, Zaina F, Atanasio S, Romano M, Negrini A, Negrini S. Physical exercises in the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: An updated systematic review. Physiother Theory Pract. 2011;27(1):80-114.

Gorman KF, Julien C, Moreau A. The genetic epidemiology of idiopathic scoliosis. Eur Spine J. 2012 Oct;21(10):1905-19.

Hayden JA, van Tulder MW, Malvaara A, Koes BW. Exercise therapy for the treatment of non-specific low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005, Jul 20; (3): CD00335.

Hayden JA, van Tulder MW, Tomlinson G. Systematic review: strategies for using exercise therapy to improve outcomes in chronic low back pain. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142(9):776-85.

Howard A, Donaldson S, Hedden D, Stephens D, Alman B, Wright J ( 2007) Improvement in Quality of Life Following Surgery for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis. Spine , 32:2715–2718.

Kenanidis E, Potoupnis ME, Papavasiliou KA, Sayegh FE, Kapetanos GA. Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis and Exercising Is There Truly a Liaison? Spine 2008;33:2160–2165

Kovacs FM., Gestoso M, Gil del Real MT, López J, Mufraggi N, Méndez JI. Risk factors for non-specific low back pain in schoolchildren and their parents: a population based study. Pain 2003;103:259-268

Loder RT, Spiegel D, Gutknecht S, Kleist K, Ly T, Mehbod A ( 2004) The Assessment of Intraobserver and Interobserver Error in the Measurement of Noncongenital Scoliosis in Children < 10 Years of Age. Spine , 29:2548–2553

Michael A, Loughenbury P , Rao A, Dunsmuir R , Millner P. A Survey of Current Controversies in Scoliosis Surgery in the United Kingdom. Spine 2012 ; 37 : 1573 – 1578.

Nason GJ, Baker JF, Byrne DP, Noel J, Moore D, Kiely PJ. Scoliosis-Specific Information on the Internet. Has the “Information Highway” Led to Better Information Provision?. Spine 2012 ; 37 : E1364 – E1369.

Negrini S, Minozzi S, Bettany-Saltikov J, Zaina F, Chockalingam N, Grivas TB, Kotwicki T, Maruyama T, Romano M, Vasiliadis ES ( 2010). Braces for Idiopathic Scoliosis in Adolescents. Spine , 35:1285–1293

Negrini S, Donzelli S, Aulisa AG, Czaprowski D, Schreiber S, de Mauroy JC, Diers H, Grivas TB, Knott P, Kotwicki T, Lebel A, Marti C, Maruyama T, O'Brien J, Price N, Parent E, Rigo M, Romano M, Stikeleather L, Wynne J, Zaina F. 2016 SOSORT guidelines: orthopaedic and rehabilitation treatment of idiopathic scoliosis during growth.Scoliosis Spinal Disord. 2018 Jan 10;13:3. doi: 10.1186/s13013-017-0145-8.

Parent EC, Wong D, Hill D, Mahood J, Moreau M, Raso VJ, Lou E ( 2010) The Association Between Scoliosis Research Society-22 Scores and Scoliosis Severity Changes at a Clinically Relevant Threshold. Spine, 35:315–322

Reames DL, Smith JS, Fu KMG, Polly DW, Ames CP, Berven SH, Perra JH, Glassman SD, McCarthy RE, Knapp RD, Heary R, Shaffrey CI, and Scoliosis Research Society Morbidity and Mortality Committee Complications in the Surgical Treatment of 19,360 Cases of Pediatric Scoliosis A Review of the Scoliosis Research Society Morbidity and Mortality Database. Spine 2011;36:1484–1491

Roland M, van Tulder M. Should radiologists change the way they report plain radiography of the spine? Lancet. 1998;352(9123):229-30.

Romano M, Minozzi S, Bettany-Saltikov J, Zaina F, Chockalingam N, Kotwicki T, Maier-Hennes A, Arienti C, Negrini S Therapeutic exercises for idiopathic scoliosis in adolescents..Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2024 Feb 28;2(2):CD007837. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007837.pub3.

Rowe DE, Bernstein SM, Riddick MF, Adler F, Emans JB, Gardner-Bonneau D. A meta-analysis of the efficacy of non-operative treatments for idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1997;79(5):664-74.

Rushton P, Grevitt M. Comparison of Untreated Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis With Normal Controls. A Review and Statistical Analysis of the Literature. SPINE 2013,Volume 38, Number 9, pp 778–785

Rushton P, Grevitt M. What Is the Effect of Surgery on the Quality of Life of the Adolescent With Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis?.A Review and Statistical Analysis of the Literature. SPINE 2013, Volume 38, Number 9, pp 786–794

Sánchez-Mariscal F, Gómez-Rice A, Izquierdo E, Pizones J, Zúñiga L, Álvarez-González P. Correlation of Radiographic and Functional Measurements in Patients Who Underwent Primary Scoliosis Surgery in Adult Age. Spine 2012;37:592–598

Sanders JOI Haynes R, Lighter D, Niederpruem M, Hollenback C, Johnson L, Nomura S, Arndt D, Bush P, Santiago J, King R, Trottier T Variation in Care Among Spinal Deformity Surgeons Results of a Survey of the Shriners Hospitals for Children. Spine 2007;32:1444–1449

Schreiber S, Parent EC, Khodayari Moez E, Hedden DM, Hill DL, Moreau M, Lou E, Watkins EM, Southon SCSchroth Physiotherapeutic Scoliosis-Specific Exercises Added to the Standard of Care Lead to Better Cobb Angle Outcomes in Adolescents with Idiopathic Scoliosis - an Assessor and Statistician Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial.PLoS One. 2016 Dec 29;11(12):e0168746. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168746

Schreiber S, Parent EC, Hill DL, Hedden DM, Moreau MJ, Southon SC. Patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis perceive positive improvements regardless of change in the Cobb angle - Results from a randomized controlled trial comparing a 6-month Schroth intervention added to standard care and standard care alone. SOSORT 2018 Award winner.BMC MusculoskeletDisord. 2019 Jul 8;20(1):319. doi: 10.1186/s12891-019-2695-9.

Tanchev PI, Dzherov AD, Parushev AD, Dikov DM, Todorov MB. Scoliosis in rhythmic gymnasts. Spine 2000;25(11):1367-72.

Acs SOSORT guideline committee, Weiss HR, Negrini S,Rigo M, Kotwicki T, Hawes MC, Grivas TB, Maruyama T, Landauer F ( 2006) Indications for conservative management of scoliosis (guidelines)Scoliosis , 1:5 doi:10.1186/1748-7161-1-5 http://www.scoliosisjournal.com/content/1/1/5

Urrutia J, Espinosa J, Diaz-Ledezma C, Cabello C. The impact of lumbar scoliosis on pain, function and health-related quality of life in postmenopausal women. Eur Spine J 2011;20(12):2223-7.

van Middelkoop M, Rubinstein SM, Kuijpers T, Verhagen AP, Ostelo R, Koes BW, van Tulder MW.A systematic review on the effectiveness of physical and rehabilitation interventions for chronic non-specific low back pain. Eur Spine J. 2011;20(1):19-39

van Tulder MW, Koes B, Seitsalo S, Malmivaara A. Outcome of invasive treatment modalities on back pain and sciatica: an evidence-based review. Eur Spine J 2006;15 Suppl 1:S82-92

van Tulder M, Becker A, Bekkering T, Breen A, del Real MT, Hutchinson A, Koes B, Laerum E, Malmivaara A; COST B13 Working Group on Guidelines for the Management of Acute Low Back Pain in Primary Care. European guidelines for the management of acute nonspecific low back pain in primary care. Eur Spine J. 2006;15 Suppl 2:S169-91.

Weinstein SL. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: prevalence and natural history. In: Weinstein SL, editor. The Pediatric Spine: Principles and Practice. New York: Raven Press; 1994. pp. 463–78.

Weinstein S L., Dolan LA, Spratt KF, Peterson KK, Spoonamore MJ, Ponseti IV (2003) Health and Function of Patients With Untreated Idiopathic Scoliosis. A 50-Year Natural History Study. JAMA,289:559-567

Weinstein SL, Dollan LA, Wright JG, Dobbs MB. Effects of bracing in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis. N Engl J Med 2013;369(16):1512-21

Hipercifosis

Bansal S, Katzman WB, Giangregorio LM. Exercise for Improving Age-Related Hyperkyphotic Posture: A Systematic Review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2013 Jul 9. pii: S0003-9993(13)00514-5. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2013.06.022. [Epub ahead of print]

Chou R, Huffman LH. Evaluation & Management of Low Back Pain: Evidence Review for the American Pain Society. Oregon Evidence-based Practice Center. Oregon, 2007

Chou R, Fu R, Carrino JA, Deyo RA. Imaging strategies for low-back pain: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2009;373(9662):463-72.

Harreby M, Neergaard K, Hesselsoe G, Kjer J. Are radiologic changes in the thoracic and lumbar spine of adolescents risk factors for low back pain in adults? A 25-year prospective cohort study of 640 school children. Spine 1995;20: 2298-2302.

Roland M, van Tulder M. Should radiologists change the way they report plain radiography of the spine? Lancet. 1998;352(9123):229-30.

van Tulder MW, Koes B, Seitsalo S, Malmivaara A. Outcome of invasive treatment modalities on back pain and sciatica: an evidence-based review. Eur Spine J 2006;15 Suppl 1:S82-92

Hiperlordosis

Chou R, Huffman LH. Evaluation & Management of Low Back Pain: Evidence Review for the American Pain Society. Oregon Evidence-based Practice Center. Oregon, 2007

Chou R, Fu R, Carrino JA, Deyo RA. Imaging strategies for low-back pain: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2009;373(9662):463-72.

de Oliveira Pezzan PA, João SM, Ribeiro AP, Manfio EF. Postural assessment of lumbar lordosis and pelvic alignment angles in adolescent users and nonusers of high-heeled shoes. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2011;34(9):614-21.

Keorochana G, Taghavi CE, Lee KB, Yoo JH, Liao JC, Fei Z, Wang JC. Effect of sagittal alignment on kinematic changes and degree of disc degeneration in the lumbar spine: an analysis using positional MRI. Spine. 2011;36(11):893-8.

Liebetrau A, Puta C, Schinowski D, Wulf T, Wagner H. [Is there a correlation between back pain and stability of the lumbar spine in pregnancy? A model-based hypothesis]. Schmerz. 2012;26(1):36-45

Masharawi Y, Dar G, Peleg S, Steinberg N, Medlej B, May H, Abbas J, Hershkovitz I. A morphological adaptation of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae to lumbar hyperlordosis in young adult females. Eur Spine J. 2010;19(5):768-73.

Miyazaki M, Hymanson HJ, Morishita Y, He W, Zhang H, Wu G, Kong MH, Tsumura H, Wang JC. Kinematic analysis of the relationship between sagittal alignment and disc degeneration in the cervical spine. Spine 2008;33(23):E870-6.

Olmedo-Buenrostro BA, Trujillo-Hernández B, Pérez-Vargas FD, Díaz-Giner VR, Delgado-Enciso I, Muñiz-Murguía J, Huerta M, Trujillo X, Mora-Brambila AB, Vásquez C. [Comparison of three therapeutic exercises protocols to lumbar hyperlordosis improvement in asyntomatic youths]. Rev Invest Clin. 2010;62(6):568-76

Roland M, van Tulder M. Should radiologists change the way they report plain radiography of the spine? Lancet. 1998;352(9123):229-30.

Russell BS The effect of high-heeled shoes on lumbar lordosis: a narrative review and discussion of the disconnect between Internet content and peer-reviewed literature. J Chiropr Med. 2010;9(4):166-73.

Scannell JP, McGill SM.Lumbar posture--should it, and can it, be modified? A study of passive tissue stiffness and lumbar position during activities of daily living. Phys Ther. 2003;83(10):907-17.

van Tulder MW, Koes B, Seitsalo S, Malmivaara A. Outcome of invasive treatment modalities on back pain and sciatica: an evidence-based review. Eur Spine J 2006;15 Suppl 1:S82-92

Rectificaciones

Chou R, Huffman LH. Evaluation & Management of Low Back Pain: Evidence Review for the American Pain Society. Oregon Evidence-based Practice Center. Oregon, 2007

Chou R, Fu R, Carrino JA, Deyo RA. Imaging strategies for low-back pain: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2009;373(9662):463-72.

Harrison DD, Harrison DE, Janik TJ, Cailliet R, Ferrantelli JR, Haas JW, Holland B. Modeling of the sagittal cervical spine as a method to discriminate hypolordosis: results of elliptical and circular modeling in 72 asymptomatic subjects, 52 acute neck pain subjects, and 70 chronic neck pain subjects. Spine. 2004;29(22):2485-92.

van Tulder MW, Koes B, Seitsalo S, Malmivaara A. Outcome of invasive treatment modalities on back pain and sciatica: an evidence-based review. Eur Spine J 2006;15 Suppl 1:S82-92

Am J Sports Med

Espondilólisis

Beutler WJ, Fredrickson BE, Murtland A, Sweeney CA, Grant WD, Baker D. The natural history of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis: 45-year follow-up evaluation. Spine 2003;28(10):1027-35

Chou R, Fu R, Carrino JA, Deyo RA. Imaging strategies for low-back pain: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2009;373(9662):463-72.

Gross AR, Goldsmith C, Hoving JL, Haines T, Peloso P, Aker P, Santaguida P, Myers C; Cervical Overview Group. Conservative management of mechanical neck disorders: a systematic review. J Rheumatol. 2007 May;34(5):1083-102

Kalichman L, Hunter DJ. Diagnosis and conservative management of degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis. Eur Spine J. 2008;17(3):327-35.

Kalichman L, Li L, Kim HD, et al. Facet Joint Osteoarthritis and Low Back Pain in the Community-Based Population Spine 2008;33:2560–2565.

Kalichman L, Kim HD, Li L, Guermazi A, Berkin V, Hunter DJ. Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis Prevalence and Association With Low Back Pain in the Adult Community-Based Population. Spine 2009;34:199–205.

Kalichman L, Hodges P, Li L, Guermazi A, Hunter DJ. Changes in paraspinal muscles and their association with low back pain and spinal degeneration: CT study. Eur Spine J. 2010 Jul;19(7):1136-44.

Kalichman L, Kim DH, Li L, Guermazi A, Hunter DJ. Computed tomography-evaluated features of spinal degeneration: prevalence, intercorrelation, and association with self-reported low back pain. Spine J. 2010 Mar;10(3):200-8.

Peloso P, Gross A, Haines T, Trinh K, Goldsmith Ch, Burnie S; Cervical Overview Group.Medicinal and injection therapies for mechanical neck disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Jul 18;(3):CD000319

Roland M, van Tulder M. Should radiologists change the way they report plain radiography of the spine? Lancet. 1998;352(9123):229-30.

Staudenmann A, Marth AA, Stern C, Fröhlich S, Sutter R Long-term CT follow-up of patients with lumbar spondylolysis reveals low rate of spontaneous bone fusion.Skeletal Radiol. 2024 Mar 21. doi: 10.1007/s00256-024-04650-2

Ward CV, Latimer B.Human evolution and the development of spondylolysis. Spine 2005;30(16):1808-14.

Espondilolistesis

Beutler WJ, Fredrickson BE, Murtland A, Sweeney CA, Grant WD, Baker D. The natural history of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis: 45-year follow-up evaluation. Spine 2003;28(10):1027-35

Chou R, Fu R, Carrino JA, Deyo RA. Imaging strategies for low-back pain: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2009;373(9662):463-72.

Hagenmaier FH, Delawi D, Verschoor N, Oner CF, van Susante JL No correlation between slip reduction in low-grade spondylolisthesis or change in neuroforaminal morphology and clinical outcome BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2013, 14:245 doi:10.1186/1471-2474-14-245

Ishimoto Y, Yoshimura N, Muraki S, Yamada H, Nagata K, Hashizume H, Takiguchi N, Minamide A, Oka H, Tanaka S, Kawaguchi H, Nakamura K, Akune T, Yoshida M. Association of Lumbar Spondylolisthesis With Low Back Pain and Symptomatic Lumbar Spinal Stenosis in a Population-based Cohort: The Wakayama Spine Study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2017 Jun 1;42(11):E666-E671. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000001960. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27779607

Jacobs WCH, Rubinstein SM, Willems PC, Moojen WA, Pellisé F, Oner CG, Peul WC, van Tulder MW. The evidence on surgical interventions for low back disorders, an overview of systematic reviews. Eur Spine J 2013; DOI 10.1007/s00586-013-2823-4

Kalichman L, Hodges P, Li L, Guermazi A, Hunter DJ. Changes in paraspinal muscles and their association with low back pain and spinal degeneration: CT study. Eur Spine J. 2010 Jul;19(7):1136-44.

Noorian S, Sorensen K, Cho W. A systematicreview of clinical outcomes in surgicaltreatment of adult isthmic spondylolisthesis.Spine J. 2018 Aug;18(8):1441-1454. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2018.04.022. Epub 2018 May 7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29746966

Roland M, van Tulder M. Should radiologists change the way they report plain radiography of the spine? Lancet. 1998;352(9123):229-30.

Degeneración discal y artrosis vertebral (o "espondiloartrosis")

Abdu WA, Lurie JD, Spratt KF, et al. Degenerative Spondylolisthesis. Does Fusion Method Influence Outcome? Four-Year Results of the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial. Spine 2009;34:2351–2360.

Arana E, Royuela A, Kovacs FM, Estremera A, Sarasíbar H, Amengual G, Galarraga I, Martínez C, Muriel A, Abraria V, Gil del Real MT, Zamora J, Campillo C. Agreement in the interpretation of 1.5T Magnetic Resonance images of the lumbar spine using the Nordic Modic Consensus Group Classification form. Radiology 2010; 254:809–817

Arana E, Kovacs FM, Royuela A, Estremera A, Sarasíbar H, Amengual G, Galarraga I, Martínez C, Muriel A, Abraira V, Zamora J, Campillo C. The influence of nomenclature in the interpretation of lumbar disk contour on MRI: A comparison of the agreement using the Combined Task Force and the Nordic nomenclatures. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2011;32:1143– 48

Arana E, Kovacs FM, Royuela A, Estremera A, Asenjo B, Sarasíbar H, Amengual G, Galarraga I, Alonso A, Casillas C, Muriel A, Montoya J, Ordóñez C, Martínez C, Zamora J, Campillo C, Abraira V. Modic changes and associated features in Southern European chronic low back pain patients. Spine J 2011;11:402-411

Battie MC, Videman T, Kaprio J, et al. The Twin Spine Study: contributions to a changing view of disc degeneration. Spine J 2009;9:47-59

Brisby H, Wei AQ, Molloy T, Chung SA, Murrell GA, Diwan AD. The Effect of Running Exercise on Intervertebral Disc Extracellular Matrix Production in a Rat Model. Spine 2010;35:1429–1436

Brox JI, Nygaard ØP, Holm I, Keller A, Ingebrigtsen T, Reikerås O. Four-year follow-up of surgical versus non-surgical therapy for chronic low back pain. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69(9):1643-8

Carragee EJ, Cheng I. Minimum acceptable outcomes after lumbar spinal fusion. Spine J. 2010;10(4):313-20.

Chen F, Liu H, Li Z, Pei Y, Wang H, Zhang J, Wang J, Zheng Z. Paraoxonase 1 Was Negatively Associated With Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. Spine (PhilaPa 1976). 2019 Sep;44(18):E1053-E1062.

Chou R, Huffman LH. Evaluation & Management of Low Back Pain: Evidence Review for the American Pain Society. Oregon Evidence-based Practice Center. Oregon, 2007

Chou R, Fu R, Carrino JA, Deyo RA. Imaging strategies for low-back pain: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2009;373(9662):463-72.

Chou R, Shekelle P.Will this patient develop persistent disabling low back pain? JAMA. 2010;303(13):1295-302.

Deyo RA, Mirza SK, Martin BI, Kreuter W, Goodman DG, Jarvik J. Trends, major medical complications and charges associated with surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis in older adults. JAMA 2010;303(13):1259-1265

Fritzell P, Hagg O, Nordwall A; Swedish Lumbar Spine Study Group. Complications in lumbar fusion surgery for chronic low back pain: comparison of three surgical techniques used in a prospective randomized study. Eur Spine J. 2003;12(2):178-189.

Furunes H, Hellum C, Espeland A, Brox JI, Småstuen MC, Berg L, Storheim K. Adjacent Disc Degeneration After Lumbar Total Disc Replacement or Nonoperative Treatment: A Randomized Study with 8-year Follow-up. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2018 Dec 15;43(24):1695-1703. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000002712.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29794581

Gibson JN, Waddell G. Surgery for degenerative lumbar spondylosis; Updated Cochrane review. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005 Oct 19;(4):CD001352. Review.

Gwak GT, Hwang UJ, Jung SH, Kim HA, Kim JH, Kwon OY. Comparison of MRI cross-sectional area and functions of core muscles among asymptomatic individuals with and without lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration. BMC MusculoskeletDisord. 2019 Dec 1;20(1):576. doi: 10.1186/s12891-019-2960-y. PMID: 31787092; PMCID: PMC6886205.

Grupo de Variaciones de la Práctica Médica de la Red temática de Investigación en Resultados y Servicios de Salud (Grupo VPM-IRYS). Variaciones en cirugía ortopédica y traumatología en el Sistema Nacional de Salud. Atlas de Variaciones en la Práctica Médica en el Sistema Nacional de Salud 2005;1(1):17-37. Publicado por la Fundación IISS, Valencia.

Hayden JA, van Tulder MW, Tomlinson G. Systematic review: strategies for using exercise therapy to improve outcomes in chronic low back pain. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142(9):776-85.

Jacobs WC, van Tulder M, Arts M, Rubinstein SM, van Middelkoop M, Ostelo R, Verhagen A, Koes B, Peul WC. Surgery versus conservative management of sciatica due to a lumbar herniated disc: a systematic review. Eur Spine J. 2011;20(4):513-22.

Jarraya M, Guermazi A, Lorbergs AL, Brochin E, Kiel DP, Bouxsein ML, Cupples LA, Samelson EJ.A longitudinal study of disc height narrowing and facet joint osteoarthritis at the thoracic and lumbar spine, evaluated by computed tomography: the Framingham Study.Spine J. 2018 Nov;18(11):2065-2073. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2018.04.010. Epub 2018 Apr 19https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29679729

Jim JJ, Noponen-Hietala N, Cheung KM, et al. The TRP2 allele of COL9A2 is an age-dependent risk factor for the development and severity of intervertebral disc degeneration. Spine 2005;30:2735-42.

Kovacs FM, Royuela A, Jensen TS, Estremera A, Amengual G, Muriel A, Galarraga I, Martinez C, Arana E, Sarasibar H, Salgado RM, Abraira V, López O, Campillo C, Gil del Real MT, Zamora J. Agreement in the interpretation of magnetic resonance images of the lumbar spine. Acta Radiol 2009;50(5):497-506

Martin BI, Deyo RA, Mirza SK, Turner JA, Comstock BA, Hollingworth W, Sullivan SD. Expenditures and health status among adults with back and neck problems. JAMA. 2008 ;299(6):656-64.

Martin BI, Turner JA, Mirza SK, Lee MJ, Comstock BA, Deyo RA Trends in health care expenditures, utilization, and health status among US adults with spine problems, 1997-2006. Spine 2009;34(19):2077-84.

Maurer E, Klinger C, Lorbeer R, et al. Long-term effect of physical inactivity on thoracic and lumbar disc degeneration-an MRI-based analysis of 385 individuals from the general population. Spine J. 2020;20(9):1386-1396. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2020.04.016

Mirza SK, Deyo RA, Heagerty PJ, et al. Development of an index to characterize the “invasiveness” of spine surgery: validation by comparison to blood loss and operative time. Spine 2008; 33(24):2651-2661.

Modic MT, Ross JS. Lumbar degenerative disk disease. Radiology 2007;245(1):43-61

Okada E, Daimon K, Fujiwara H, Nishiwaki Y, Nojiri K, Watanabe M, Katoh H, Ishihama H, Fujita N, Tsuji T, Nakamura M, Matsumoto M, Watanabe K. Ten-year Longitudinal Follow-up MRI Study of Age-related Changes in Thoracic Intervertebral Discs in Asymptomatic Subjects. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2019 Nov 15;44(22):E1317-E1324. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000003145. PubMed PMID: 31348175.

Pasku D, Soufla G, Katonis P, Tsarouhas A, Vakis A, Spandidos DA. Akt/PKB isoforms expression in the human lumbar herniated disc: correlation with clinical and MRI findings. Eur Spine J 2011;20(10):1676-83.

Philips FM, Slosar PJ, Youssef JA, Andersson G, Papatheofanis F. Lumbar Spine Fusion for Chronic Low Back Pain Due to Degenerative Disc Disease. A Systematic Review. Spine 2013 ;38:E409–E422

Resnick D, Niwayama G. Degenerative disease of the spine. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders,1995; 1372–1462.

Roland M, van Tulder M. Should radiologists change the way they report plain radiography of the spine? Lancet. 1998;352(9123):229-30.

Schoene M. Spinal Fusion for Degenerative Disc Disease: An Operation in Search of an Indication. The Back Letter 2013;28(4):37,44-47

Spine Surgery Societies, Blue Cross Blue Shield of North Carolina Lumbar Spine Fusion Surgery “notification” : www.spine.org/Documents/BCBSNC_Lumbar_Fusion_Response121510.pdf Published December 15, 2010. Updated December 15, 2010. Accessed June 30, 2011.

Thomsen K, Christensen FB, Eiskjaer SP, Hansen ES, Fruensgaard S, Bunger CE. The effect of pedicle screw instrumentation on functional outcome and fusion rates in posterolateral lumbar spinal fusion: a prospective randomized clinical study. Spine 1997;22(24):2813-2822.

Ulrich NH, Burgstaller JM, Valeri F, Pichierri G, Betz M, Fekete TF, Wertli MM, Porchet F, Steurer J, Farshad M; Lumbar Stenosis Outcome Study Group. Incidence of Revision Surgery After Decompression With vs Without Fusion Among Patients With Degenerative Lumbar Spinal Stenosis. JAMA Netw Open. 2022 Jul 1;5(7):e2223803. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.23803. PMID: 35881393; PMCID: PMC9327572.

van Tulder MW, Koes B, Seitsalo S, Malmivaara A. Outcome of invasive treatment modalities on back pain and sciatica: an evidence-based review. Eur Spine J 2006;15 Suppl 1:S82-92

Videman T, Gibbons LE, Kaprio J, Battié MC Challenging the cumulative injury model: positive effects of greater body mass on disc degeneration. Spine J 2010;10(1):26-31.

Waddell G. The Back Pain Revolution. 2 edition ed. London: Churchill-Livingstone; 2004.

Waris E, Eskelin M, Hermunen H, Kiviluoto O, Paajanen H. Disc degeneration in low back pain: a 17-year follow-up study using magnetic resonance imaging.Spine 2007;32(6):681-4.

Willems PC, Staal JB, Walenkamp GH, de Bie RA. Spinal fusion for chronic low back pain: systematic review on the accuracy of tests for patient selection. Spine J 2013;13(2):99-109.

Wilson-MacDonald J, Fairbank J, Frost H, Yu LM, Barker K, Collins R, Campbell H.The MRC spine stabilization trial: surgical methods, outcomes, costs, and complications of surgical stabilization. Spine 2008;33(21):2334-40.

YuyaKawarai M.D., PhD ,Seon Ho Jang , Seunghwan Lee PhD , Magali Millecamps PhD , HyungMo Kang , Stephanie Gregoire PhD , Miyako Suzuki-Narita M.D., PhD , Seiji Ohtori M.D., PhD , Laura S Stone PhD , Exercise attenuates low back pain and alters epigenetic regulation in intervertebral discs in a mouse model, The Spine Journal (2021), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2021.06.002

Signos Modic

Hutton MJ, Bayer JH, Powell JM, Sharp DJ. Modic vertebral body changes. The natural history as assessed by consecutive magnetic resonance imaging.Spine 2011;36:2304–2307

Jensen TS, Karppinen J, Sorensen JS, et al. Vertebral endplate signal changes (Modic changes): a systematic literature review of prevalence and association with non-specific low back pain. Eur Spine J 2008;17:1407-22.

Kovacs FM, Arana E, Royuela A, Cabrera A, Casillas C, Piñero P, Vega M, Estremera A, Amengual G, Sarasíbar H, Ferrer P, Manjarrés A, Zamarro J, Bravo-Rodríguez F, Paniagua JC, Mota J, Sánchez-Sagrado T, Abraira V. Appropriateness of lumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging in Spain. Eur J Rad 2013;82:1008-1014

Keller A, Boyle E, Skog TA, Cassidy JD, Bautz-Holter E Are Modic changes prognostic for recovery in a cohort of patients with non-specific low back pain? Eur Spine J. 2012;21(3):418-24.

Inestabilidad vertebral

Choi BK, Verbeek JH, Tam WW, Jiang JY. Exercises for prevention of recurrences of low-back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jan 20;(1):CD006555.

Chou R, Huffman LH. Evaluation & Management of Low Back Pain: Evidence Review for the American Pain Society. Oregon Evidence-based Practice Center. Oregon, 2007

Chou R, Fu R, Carrino JA, Deyo RA. Imaging strategies for low-back pain: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2009;373(9662):463-72.

Hayden JA, van Tulder MW, Malvaara A, Koes BW. Exercise therapy for the treatment of non-specific low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005, Jul 20; (3): CD00335.

Hayden JA, van Tulder MW, Tomlinson G. Systematic review: strategies for using exercise therapy to improve outcomes in chronic low back pain. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142(9):776-85.

Hutting N, Scholten-Peeters GG, Vijverman V, Keesenberg MD, Verhagen AP. Diagnostic Accuracy of Upper Cervical Spine Instability Tests: A Systematic Review. Phys Ther. 2013 Jul 25. [Epub ahead of print]

Izzo R, Guarnieri G, Guglielmi G, Muto M. Biomechanics of the spine. Part I: spinal stability. Eur J Radiol. 2013 Jan;82(1):118-26.

Izzo R, Guarnieri G, Guglielmi G, Muto M. Biomechanics of the spine. Part II: spinal instability. Eur J Radiol. 2013 Jan;82(1):127-38.

Kraemer P, Fehlings MG, Hashimoto R, Lee MJ, Anderson PA, Chapman JR, Raich A, Norvell DC. A systematic review of definitions and classification systems of adjacent segment pathology. Spine 2012;37(22 Suppl):S31-9.

Roland M, van Tulder M. Should radiologists change the way they report plain radiography of the spine? Lancet. 1998;352(9123):229-30.

No additional value of fusion techniques on anterior discectomy for neck pain: a systematic review.

Artrosis facetaria

Chou R, Huffman LH. Evaluation & Management of Low Back Pain: Evidence Review for the American Pain Society. Oregon Evidence-based Practice Center. Oregon, 2007

Chou R, Fu R, Carrino JA, Deyo RA. Imaging strategies for low-back pain: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2009;373(9662):463-72.

Furunes H, Berg L, Espeland A, Thoresen H, Neckelmann G, Brøgger HM, Småstuen MC, Brox JI, Storheim K, Hellum C. Facet Arthropathy Following Disc Replacement Versus Rehabilitation: A Prospective Study With 8-Year Follow-Up. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2020 Nov 1;45(21):1467-1475. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000003600. PMID: 32694494

Hancock MJ, Maher CG, Latimer J, Spindler MF, McAuley JH, Laslett M, Bogduk N. Systematic review of tests to identify the disc, SIJ or facet joint as the source of low back pain. Eur Spine J. 2007;16(10):1539-50.

Henschke N, Kuijpers T, Rubinstein SM, van Middelkoop M, Ostelo R, Verhagen A, Koes BW, van Tulder MW. Injection therapy and denervation procedures for chronic low-back pain: a systematic review. Eur Spine J. 2010;19(9):1425-49.

Kalichman L, Li L, Kim HD, et al. Facet Joint Osteoarthritis and Low Back Pain in the Community-Based Population. Spine 2008;33:2560–2565.

Lord SM, Barnsley L, Wallis BJ, McDonald GJ, Bogduk N. Percutaneous radio-frequency neurotomy for chronic cervical zygapophyseal-joint pain. N Engl J Med 1996;335(23):1721-6.

Niemisto L, Kalso E, Malmivaara A, Seitsalo S, Hurri H. Radiofrequency denervation for neck and back pain. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(1):CD004058.

Roland M, van Tulder M. Should radiologists change the way they report plain radiography of the spine? Lancet. 1998;352(9123):229-30.

Staal JB, de Bie RA, de Vet HCW, Hildebrandt J, Nelemans P. Injection Therapy for Subacute and Chronic Low Back Pain. An Updated Cochrane Review. Spine 2009;34:49–59

van Tulder MW, Koes B, Seitsalo S, Malmivaara A. Outcome of invasive treatment modalities on back pain and sciatica: an evidence-based review. Eur Spine J 2006;15 Suppl 1:S82-92

Estenosis espinal

Abdu WA, Lurie JD, Spratt KF, et al. Degenerative Spondylolisthesis. Does Fusion Method Influence Outcome? Four-Year Results of the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial. Spine 2009;34:2351–2360.

Ammendolia C, Stuber K, de Bruin LK, Furlan AD, Kennedy CA, Rampersaud YR, Steenstra IA, Pennick V. Nonoperative treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis with neurogenic claudication: a systematic review. Spine 2012;37(10):E609-16.

Ammendolia C, Stuber KJ, Rok E, Rampersaud R, Kennedy CA, Pennick V, Steenstra IA, de Bruin LK, Furlan AD. Nonoperative treatment for lumbar spinal stenosis with neurogenic claudication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Aug 30;8:CD010712.

Baras JD, Baker LC. Magnetic resonance imaging and low back pain care for Medicare patients. Health Aff (Millwood) 2009 Nov-Dec;28(6):w1133-40.

Boden SD, Davis DO, Dina TS, Patronas NJ, Wiesel S. Abnormal magnetic-resonance scans of the lumbar spine in asymptomatic subjects; a prospective investigation. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1990;72:403-8.

Burgstaller JM, Steurer J, Gravestock I, Brunner F, Fekete TF, Pichierri G, Ulrich NH, Winklhofer S, Porchet F, Farshad M; LSOS Study Group. Long-term Results After Surgical or Nonsurgical Treatment in Patients With Degenerative Lumbar Spinal Stenosis: A Prospective Multicenter Study. Spine (PhilaPa 1976). 2020 Aug 1;45(15):1030-1038. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000003457. PMID: 32675604.

Carragee EJ, Paragioudakis SJ, Khurana S. 2000 Volvo Award winner in clinical studies: Lumbar high-intensity zone and discography in subjects without low back problems. Spine 2000;25(23):2987-92.

Danon-Hersch N, Samartzis D, Wietlisbach V, Porchet F, Vader JP Appropriateness criteria for surgery improve clinical outcomes in patients with low back pain and/or sciatica. Spine 2010;35:672–683

De Graaf I, Prak A, Bierma-Zeinstra S, Thomas S, Peul W, Koes B. Diagnosis of lumbar spinal stenosis. A systematic review of the accuracy of diagnostic tests. Spine 2006;31:1168-1176.

Dejerine, J. Intermittent claudication of the spinal cord [French]. Press Med 1911;19, 981–984.

Deyo RA, Weinstein JN. Low back pain. N Engl J Med 2001;344(5):363-370.

Epstein NE, Maldonado VC, Cusick JF. Symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis. Surg Neurol 1998;50:3–10.

Ernst CW, Stadnik TW, Peeters E, Breucq C, Osteaux MJ.Prevalence of annular tears and disc herniations on MR images of the cervical spine in symptom free volunteers. Eur J Radiol. 2005 Sep;55(3):409-14

Fischgrund JS, Mackay M, Herkowitz HN, Brower R, Montgomery DM, Kurz LT. Degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis with spinal stenosis: a prospective, randomized study comparing decompressive laminectomy and arthrodesis with and without spinal instrumentation.Spine1997;22(24):2807-2812.

Flynn TW, Smith B, Chou R. Appropriate use of diagnostic imaging in low back pain: a reminder that unnecessary imaging may do as much harm as good. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2011 Nov;41(11):838-846

Grob D, Humke T, Dvorak J. Degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis: decompression with and without arthrodesis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1995;77(7):1036-1041.

Haig AJ, Tong HC, Yamakawa KSJ, et al. Predictors of Pain and Function in Persons With Spinal Stenosis, Low Back Pain, and No Back Pain. Spine 2006;31:2950–2957.

Hall S, Bartleson JD, Onofrio BM, et al. Lumbar spinal stenosis: clinical features, diagnostic procedures, and results of surgical treatment in 68 patients. Ann Intern Med 1985;103:271–5.

Jacobsen S, Sonne-Holm S, Rovsing H, Monrad H, Gebhur P. Degenerative sponylilisthesis: an epidemiological perspective: the Copenhagen Oseoarthritis Study. Spine 2007;32:120-5.

Jarvik JG, Deyo RA. Diagnostic evaluation of low back pain with emphasis on imaging. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137:586-597.

Jarvik JG, Hollingworth W, Heagerty PJ, Haynor DR, Boyko EJ, Deyo RA. Three-year incidence of low back pain in an initially asymptomatic cohort: clinical and imaging risk factors. Spine 2005;30(13):1541-9

Jensen MC, Brant-Zawadzki MN, Obuchowski N, Modic MT, Malkasian D, Ross JS. Magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine in people without back pain. N Engl J Med. 1994 Jul 14;331(2):69-73

Johnsson, K. E. Lumbar spinal stenosis. A retrospective study of 163 cases in southern Sweden. Acta Orthop. Scand. 66, 403–405 (1995).

Jung JM, Chung CK, Kim CH, Choi Y, Kim MJ, Yim D, Yang SH, Lee CH, Hwang SH, Kim DH, Yoon JH, Park SB. The Long-term Reoperation Rate Following Surgery for Lumbar Stenosis: A Nationwide Sample Cohort Study With a 10-year Follow-up. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2020 Sep 15;45(18):1277-1284. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000003515. PMID: 32355142.

Kalichman L, Hunter DJ. Diagnosis and conservative management of degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis. Eur Spine J. 2008;17(3):327-35.

Kalichman L, Li L, Kim HD, et al. Facet Joint Osteoarthritis and Low Back Pain in the Community-Based Population Spine 2008;33:2560–2565.

Klineberg E. Cervical spondylotic myelopathy: a review of the evidence.Orthop Clin North Am. 2010;41(2):193-202.

Kobayashi S, Baba H, Uchida K, Kokubo Y, Yayama T, Takeno K, Negoro K. Blood circulation of cauda equina and nerve root. Clin Calcium. 2005;15(3):63-72

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Fisura discal

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Fibrosis quirúrgica y Síndrome de cirugía vertebral fallida

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Quraishi NA.Transforaminal injection of corticosteroids for lumbar radiculopathy: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Spine J. 2012;21(2):214-9.

Staal JB, de Bie RA, de Vet HCW, Hildebrandt J, Nelemans P. Injection Therapy for Subacute and Chronic Low Back Pain. An Updated Cochrane Review. Spine 2009;34:49–59

Taylor RS, Desai MJ, Rigoard P, Taylor RJ. Predictors of Pain Relief Following Spinal Cord Stimulation in Chronic Back and Leg Pain and FailedBack Surgery Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis. Pain Pract. 2013. doi: 10.1111/papr.12095. [Epub ahead of print]

Yoshihara H

Eur Spine J.

Esguince o luxación del coxis (o "coxigodinia")

Karadimas EJ, Trypsiannis G, Giannoudis PV.Surgical treatment of coccygodynia: an analytic review of the literature. Eur Spine J. 2011;20(5):698-705.

Coccygectomy for chronic refractory coccygodynia: clinical case series and literature review.

Luxación atlanto-axoidea

Blom M, Creemers M, Kievit W, Lemmens J, van Riel P.Long-term follow-up of the cervical spine with conventional radiographs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol. 2013;42(4):281-8

Chechik O, Wientroub S, Danino B, Lebel DE, Ovadia D. Successful conservative treatment for neglected rotatory atlantoaxial dislocation. J Pediatr Orthop. 2013 Jun;33(4):389-92

Dedlow ER, Siddiqi S, Fillipps DJ, Kelly MN, Nackashi JA, Tuli SY. Symptomatic atlantoaxial instability in an adolescent with trisomy 21 (Down's syndrome). Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2013 Jul;52(7):633-8.

Inamasu J, Nakatsukasa M. Rotational vertebral artery occlusion associated with occipitoatlantal assimilation,atlantoaxial subluxation, and basilar impression. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2013 Aug;115(8):1520-3.

Kamitani T, Nimura Y, Nagahiro S, Miyazaki S, Tomatsu T. Catastrophic head and neck injuries in judo players in Japan from 2003 to 2010. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(8):1915-21

Kuroki T, Ueno Y, Takeda I, Kambe T, Nishioka K, Shimura H, Itoh M, Hattori N, Urabe T. Recurrent Embolic Strokes Associated with Vertical Atlantoaxial Subluxation in a Patient with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Case Report and Review of Literature. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2013 Aug 1. doi:pii: S1052-3057(13)00276-0. 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2013.07.010. [Epub ahead of print]

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Miyamoto H, Sumi M, Uno K. Outcome of surgery for rheumatoid cervical spine at one institute over three decades. Spine J. 2013 Jul 3. doi:pii: S1529-9430(13)00532-9. 10.1016/j.spinee.2013.05.023. [Epub ahead of print]

Möllmann C, Lampe CG, Müller-Forell W, Scarpa M, Harmatz P, Schwarz M, Beck M, Lampe C. Development of a Scoring System to Evaluate the Severity of Craniocervical Spinal Cord Compression in Patients with Mucopolysaccharidosis IVA (Morquio A Syndrome). JIMD Rep. 2013 Apr 12. [Epub ahead of print]

Takamatsu R, Takahashi H, Yokoyama Y, Terajima F, Inoue Y, Fukutake K, Wada A. A Case of Delayed Myelopathy Caused by Atlantoaxial Subluxation without Fracture. Case Rep Orthop. 2013;2013:421087

Yoshida G, Kamiya M, Yukawa Y, Kanemura T, Imagama S, Matsuyama Y, Ishiguro N. Rheumatoid vertical and subaxial subluxation can be prevented by atlantoaxial posterior screw fixation. Eur Spine J 2012;21(12):2498-505.

Esguinces y luxaciones

Chou R, Huffman LH. Evaluation & Management of Low Back Pain: Evidence Review for the American Pain Society. Oregon Evidence-based Practice Center. Oregon, 2007

Esguince cervical ( "latigazo cervical")

Carroll LJ. Beliefs and expectations for recovery, coping, and depression in whiplash-associated disorders: lessening the transition to chronicity.Spine 2011;36(25 Suppl):S250-6

Côté P, Soklaridis S. Does early management of whiplash-associated disorders assist or impede recovery? Spine 2011;36(25 Suppl):S275-9.

Gennis P, Miller L, Gallagher EJ, Giglio J, Carter W, Nathanson N. The effect of soft cervical collars on persistent neck pain in patients with whiplash injury. Acad Emerg Med 1996;3(6):568-73.

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Meeus M, Nijs J, Hamers V, Ickmans K, Oosterwijck JV. The efficacy of patient education in whiplash associated disorders: a systematic review. Pain Physician 2012;15(5):351-61.

Spearing NM, Connelly LB, Gargett S, Sterling M. Does injury compensation lead to worse health after whiplash? A systematic review. Pain. 2012;153(6):1274-82

Sterling M, McLean SA, Sullivan MJ, Elliott JM, Buitenhuis J, Kamper SJ. Potential processes involved in the initiation and maintenance of whiplash-associated disorders. Spine. 2011;36(25 Suppl):S322-9.

Stone AM, Vicenzino B, Lim EC, Sterling M Measures of central hyperexcitability in chronic whiplash associated disorder--a systematic review and meta-analysis. Man Ther 2013;18(2):111-7.

Teasell RW, McClure JA, Walton D, Pretty J, Salter K, Meyer M, Sequeira K, Death B. A research synthesis of therapeutic interventions for whiplash-associated disorder (WAD): part 2 - interventions for acute WAD. Pain Res Manag. 2010;15(5):295-304.

Teasell RW, McClure JA, Walton D, Pretty J, Salter K, Meyer M, Sequeira K, Death B. A research synthesis of therapeutic interventions for whiplash-associated disorder (WAD): part 4 - noninvasive interventions for chronic WAD. Pain Res Manag. 2010;15(5):313-22.

Teasell RW, McClure JA, Walton D, Pretty J, Salter K, Meyer M, Sequeira K, Death B. A research synthesis of therapeutic interventions for whiplash-associated disorder (WAD): part 5 - surgical and injection-based interventions for chronic WAD. Pain Res Manag. 2010;15(5):323-34

Diagnóstico

Pruebas diagnósticas de imagen.

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Arana E, Kovacs FM. Enfermedades dolorosas del raquis: precaución y oportunidades con las técnicas de imagen. Radiologia 2012;54:287

Arana E, Ruiz-España S, Kovacs FM, Moratal D. Computer-assisted diagnosis of degenerative lumbar spine MR imaging. Neuroradiology 2012;54:S75

Aprill C, Bogduk N High-intensity zone: a diagnostic sign of painful lumbar disc on magnetic resonance imaging. Br J Radiol 1992; 65(773): 361-9.

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Pruebas neurofisiológicas: electromiograma

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Otras pruebas diagnósticas

Pruebas de provocación o alivio (discografía e infiltraciones facetarias con anestésicos)

Carragee EJ, Hannibal M. Diagnostic evaluation of low back pain. Orthop Clin North Am. 2004; 35(1): 7-16.

Dreyfuss PH, Dreyer SJ, Herring SA. Lumbar zygapophysial (facet) joint injections. Spine 1995, 20(18): 2040-7.

Manchikanti L (1999) Facet Joint Pain and the Role of Neural Blockade in Its Management. Curr Rev Pain 1999, 3(5): 348-58

Revel M, Poiraudeau S, Auleley GR, Payan C, Denke A, Nguyen M, Chevrot A, Fermanian J (1998) Capacity of the clinical picture to characterize low back pain relieved by facet joint anesthesia. Proposed criteria to identify patients with painful facet joints. Spine 1998, 23(18): 1972-6; discussion 7.

Schwarzer AC, Aprill CN, Derby R, Fortin J, Kine G, Bogduk N.The false-positive rate of uncontrolled diagnostic blocks of the lumbar zygapophysial joints. Pain 1994;58(2): 195-200.

Schwarzer AC, Aprill CN, Derby R, Fortin J, Kine G, Bogduk N. The prevalence and clinical features of internal disc disruption in patients with chronic low back pain. Spine 1995; 20(17): 1878-83.

Pruebas quiroprácticas de movilidad y palpación vertebral

Hestbaek L, Leboeuf-Yde C. Are chiropractic tests for the lumbo-pelvic spine reliable and valid? A systematic critical literature review. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2000; 23(4): 258-75.

Dolor e incapacidad

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Kovacs FM, Llobera J, Gil del Real MT, Abraira V, Gestoso M, Fernández C and the Kovacs-Atención Primaria Group. Validation of the Spanish version of the Roland Morris Questionnaire. Spine 2002;27:538-542.

Kovacs FM, Muriel A, Abraira V, Medina JM, Castillo MD, Olabe J, and Spanish Back Pain Research Network. The influence of Fear Avoidance Beliefs on Disability and Quality of Life is sparse in Spanish low back patients. Spine 2005;30(22):E676-E682

Kovacs FM. El uso del cuestionario Roland-Morris en los pacientes con lumbalgia asistidos en atención primaria. SEMERGEN 2005;31(7):331-5.

Kovacs FM, Fernandez C, Cordero A, Muriel A, González-Luján L and the Spanish Back Pain Research Network. Non-specific low back pain in primary care in the Spanish National Health Service: a prospective study on clinical outcomes and determinants of management. BMC Health Serv Res 2006 May 17;6:57

Kovacs FM, Muriel A, Abraira V, Medina JM, Castillo MD, Olabe J, and Spanish Back Pain Research Network. Psychometric characteristics of the Spanish version of the FAB Questionnaire. Spine 2006; 31 (1): 104-110.

Kovacs FM, Abraira V, Cano A, Royuela A, Gil del Real MT, Gestoso M, Mufraggi N, Muriel A, Zamora J., Spanish Back Pain Research Network. Fear avoidance beliefs do not influence disability and quality of life in Spanish elderly subjects with low back pain. Spine 2007;32:2133-2138

Kovacs FM, Abraira V, Royuela A, Corcoll J, Alegre L, Cano A, Muriel A, Zamora J, Gil del Real MT, Gestoso M, Mufraggi N, Spanish Back Pain Research Network. Minimal clinically important change for pain intensity and disability in patients with nonspecific low back pain. Spine 2007; 32 (25): 2915-2920.

Kovacs FM, Bagó J, Royuela A, Seco J, Giménez S, Spanish Back Pain Research Network. Psychometric characteristics of the Spanish version of instruments to measure neck pain disability. Biomed Central Musculoskeletal 2008. 9:42 doi:10.1186/1471-2474-9-42 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2474/9/42
Kovacs FM, Abraira V, Royuela A, Corcoll J, Alegre L, Tomás M, Mir MA, Cano A, Muriel A, Zamora J, Gil del Real MT, Gestoso M, Mufraggi N. Minimum detectable and minimal clinically important changes for pain in patients with nonspecific neck pain. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2008, 9:43 doi:10.1186/1471-2474-9-43. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2474/9/43.

Kovacs FM, Seco J, Royuela A, Peña A, Muriel A and the Spanish Back Pain Research Network. The correlation between pain, catastrophizing and disability in subacute and chronic low back pain. A study in the routine clinical practice of the Spanish National Health Service. Spine 2011;36:339–345

Moix J, Kovacs FM, Martín A, Plana MN, Royuela A, and the Spanish Back Pain Research Network. Catastrophizing, state-anxiety, anger and depressive symptoms do not correlate with disability when variations of trait-anxiety are taken into account. A study of chronic low back pain patients treated in Spanish pain units [NCT00360802]. Pain Medicine 2011; 12: 1008–1017

Pincus T, Burton AK, Vogel S, Field AP (2002) A systematic review of psychological factors as predictors of chronicity/disability in prospective cohorts of low back pain. Spine, 27(5): E109-20.

Roland M, Morris R. A study of the natural history of back pain: Part I. Spine 1983;8:141-144

Zamora J, Kovacs F, Abraira V, Fernández C, Lázaro P, The Spanish Back Pain Research Network. The social tariff of EQ-5D is not adequate to assess health-related Quality of Life in patients with low back pain. Qual Life Res 2007, Apr; 16(3): 523-531

Tratamiento

1. Información al paciente ( y "Programas educativos breves")

ACC and the National Health Committee. New Zealand Acute Low Back Pain Guide. Wellington, New Zealand, 1997.

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Cano A, Gestoso M, Kovacs F, Hale C, Mufraggi N, Abraira V.The perceptions of people with low back pain treated in the Spanish National Health, and their experience while undergoing a new evidence based treatment. A focus group study . Disabil Rehabil. 2014;36(20):1713-22.
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Torstensen TA, Ljunggren AE, Meen HD, Odland E, Mowinckel P, Geijerstam S (1998) Efficiency and costs of medical exercise therapy, conventional physiotherapy, and self-exercise in patients with chronic low back pain. A pragmatic, randomized, single-blinded, controlled trial with 1-year follow-up. Spine, 23(23): 2616-24.

Tritilanunt T, Wajanavisit W (2001) The efficacy of an aerobic exercise and health education program for treatment of chronic low back pain. J Med Assoc Thai, 84 Suppl 2: S528-33.

Tsang SM, Chan KT, Ho PL, Kwok JC, Tse DH, Tsoi HH. Comparison between velocity-specific exercise and isometric exercise on neck muscle functions and performance: a randomised clinical trial. BMC MusculoskeletDisord. 2021 Jan 14;22(1):81. doi: 10.1186/s12891-021-03943-0. PMID: 33446159; PMCID: PMC7809848.

Turner JA, Clancy S, McQuade KJ, Cardenas DD (1990) Effectiveness of behavioral therapy for chronic low back pain: a component analysis. J Consult Clin Psychol, 58(5): 573-9.

UK BEAM trial team. Brealey S, Coulton S, Farrin A, Morton V, Torgerson D, Burton AK, Garratt A, Harvey E, Letley L, Martin J, Vickers M, Whyte K, Manca A, Klaber Moffett J, Russell I, Underwood M, Williams M (2004) UK Back pain Exercise And Manipulation (UK BEAM) randomised trial: effectiveness of physical treatments for back pain in primary care. BMJ, doi:10.1136/bmj.38282.669225.AE (published 29 November 2004)

Van Tulder MW, Koes BW, Bouter LM (1997) Conservative treatment of acute and chronic nonspecific low back pain. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials of the most common interventions. Spine, 22(18): 2128-56.

van Tulder MW, Malmivaara A, Esmail R, Koes BW. Exercise therapy for non-specific low back pain (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 2000. Oxford: Update Software.
White AW (1966) Low back pain in men receiving workmen's compensation. Can Med Assoc J, 95(2): 50-6.

van Tulder MW, Koes B (2003) Low back pain and sciatica: chronic. Clin Evid, (9).

van Tulder MW, Malmivaara A, Esmail R, al. e (2003)Exercise therapy for low back pain., The Cochrane Library: Oxford.

Waller B, Lambeck J, Daly D. Therapeutic aquatic exercise in the treatment of low back pain: a systematic review. Clinical Rehabilitation 2009; 23: 3–14

White AW (1969) Low back pain in men receiving workmen's compensation: a follow-up study. Can Med Assoc J, 101(2): 61-7

Yildirim P, Gultekin A. The Effect of a Stretch and Strength-Based Yoga Exercise Program on Patients with Neuropathic Pain due to Lumbar Disc Herniation. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2022 May 15;47(10):711-719. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000004316. Epub 2022 Jan 11. PMID: 35019882.

Método fisioterapéutico de "cadenas musculares" o Godelieve-Denys-Struyf (GDS).

Díaz Arribas M, Ramos Sánchez M, Pardo Hervás P, López Chicharro J, Angulo Carreré T, Ortega Molina P, Astasio Arbiza P. Effectiveness of the physical therapy Godelieve Denys-Struyf method for nonspecific low back pain: primary care randomized control trial. Spine 2009; 34(15): 1529-1538.

Díaz-Arribas MJ, Kovacs FM, Royuela A, Fernández-Serrano M, Gutiérrez-Fernández L, San Matín-Pariente O, Abraira V, and and the Spanish Back Pain Research Network The effectiveness of the Godelieve Denys-Struyf (GDS) method in patients with low back pain: a cluster randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther 2015 Mar;95(3):319-36.

4. Mantener el mayor grado posible de actividad física

ACC and the National Health Committee. New Zealand Acute Low Back Pain Guide. Wellington, New Zealand, 1997.

Bekkering GE, van Tulder MW, Hendriks HJM, Oostendorp RAB, Koes BW, Ostelo RWJG, Thomassen J. Dutch physiotherapy guideline for low back pain. (KNGF richtlijn lage rugpijn) Ned Tijdschr Fysiother 2001;111 (Suppl. 3): 1-24.

Burton AK, Waddell G, Tillotson KM, Summerton N. 1999. Information and advice to patients with back pain can have a positive effect: a randomized controlled trial of a novel educational booklet in primary care. Spine 24: 2484-2491.

Danish Institute for Health Technology Assessment: Low back pain. Frequency, management and prevention from an HTA perspective. Danish Health Technology Assessment 1999.

Hagen EM, Eriksen HR, Ursin H. Does early intervention with a light mobilization program reduce long-term sick leave for low back pain? Spine 2000; 25: 1973-6.

Harreby M, Hesselsoe G, Kjer J, Neergaard K. Low back pain and physical exercise in leisure time in 38-year-old men and women: a 25-year prospective cohort study of 640 school children. Eur Spine J 1997; 3(6):181-186

Hilde G, Hagen KB, Jamtvedt G, Winnem M. Advice to stay active as a single treatment for low back pain and sciatica (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2004. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Keel P, Perini Ch, Schutz-Petitjean D, et al Chronicisation des douleurs du dos: problematique, issues. Rapport final du Programme National de Recherche No 26B. Bale: Editions EULAR 1996.

Keel P, Weber M, Roux E, et al. Kreuzschmerzen: Hintergründe, prävention, behandlung. Basisdokumentation. Verbindung der Schweizer Ärzte (FMH), Bern, 1998.

Malmivaara A, Kotilainen E, Laasonen E, Poussa M, Rasmussen M, Clinical Practice Guidelines: diseases of the low back. (Finnish, available in English) The Finnish Medical Association Duodecim 1999.

Moix J, Kovacs FM, Martín A , Plana M, Royuela A , and The Spanish Back Pain Research Network. Catastrophizing, State Anxiety, Anger, and Depressive Symptoms Do Not Correlate with Disability when Variations of Trait Anxiety Are Taken into Account. A Study of Chronic Low Back Pain Patients Treated in Spanish PainUnits. Pain Medicine 2011; 12: 1008–1017

Royal College of General Practitioners. Clinical Guidelines for the Management of Acute Low Back Pain. London, Royal College of General Practitioners, 1996 and 1999.

Rozenberg S, Delval C, Rezvani Y, et al. Bed rest or normal activity for patients with acute low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Spine 2002; 27: 1487-93.

Shu-Mei Chen, Mei-Fang Liu, Jill Cook , Shona Bass, Sing Kai Lo .Sedentary lifestyle as a risk factor for low back pain: a systematic review. Int Arch Occup Environ Health (2009) 82:797–806

Vlaeyen JW, Linton SJ. Fear-avoidance and its consequences in chronic musculoskeletal pain: a state of th art. Pain 2000;85(3)::317-32

Waddell G, Feder G, Lewis M. Systematic reviews of bed rest and advice to stay active for acute low back pain. Br J Gen Pract 1997; 47: 647-52.

5. Evitar el reposo en cama

ACC and the National Health Committee. New Zealand Acute Low Back Pain Guide. Wellington, New Zealand, 1997.

Dahm KT, Brurberg KG, Jamtvedt G, Hagen KB. Advice to rest in bed versus advice to stay active for acute low-back pain and sciatica. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 6.

Danish Institute for Health Technology Assessment: Low back pain. Frequency, management and prevention from an HTA perspective. Danish Health Technology Assessment 1999.

Hagen EM, Eriksen HR, Ursin H. Does early intervention with a light mobilization program reduce long-term sick leave for low back pain? Spine 2000; 25: 1973-6.

Hagen KB, Hilde G, Jamtvedt G, Winnem M. Bed rest for acute low back pain and scitatica (Cocrhane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2002. Oxford: Update Software.

Keel P, Perini Ch, Schutz-Petitjean D, et al Chronicisation des douleurs du dos: problematique, issues. Rapport final du Programme National de Recherche No 26B. Bale: Editions EULAR 1996.

Keel P, Weber M, Roux E, et al. Kreuzschmerzen: Hintergründe, prävention, behandlung. Basisdokumentation. Verbindung der Schweizer Ärzte (FMH), Bern, 1998.

Koes BW, van den Hoogen HMM. Efficacy of bed rest and orthoses of low back pain. A review of randomized clinical trials. Eur J Phys Med Rehabil 1994; 4: 86-93.

Malmivaara A, Häkkinen U, Aro T, Heinrichs M, Koskenniemi L, Kuosma E, Lappi S, Paloheimo R, Servo C, Vaaranen V, Hernberg S. The treatment of acute low back pain; bed rest, exercises or ordinary activity? N Engl J Med 1995;332:351-355.

Malmivaara A, Kotilainen E, Laasonen E, Poussa M, Rasmussen M, Clinical Practice Guidelines: diseases of the low back. (Finnish, available in English) The Finnish Medical Association Duodecim 1999.

Moyal College of General Practitioners. Clinical Guidelines for the Management of Acute Low Back Pain. London, Royal College of General Practitioners, 1996 and 1999.

Rozenberg S, Delval C, Rezvani Y, et al. Bed rest or normal activity for patients with acute low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Spine 2002; 27: 1487-93.

Waddell G, Feder G, Lewis M. Systematic reviews of bed rest and advice to stay active for acute low back pain. Br J Gen Pract 1997; 47: 647-52.

6. Fármacos

Fármacos de primera línea: Analgésicos, opiáceos menores, AINE y miorrelajantes.

Allam AFA, Abotakia TAA, Koptan W. Role of Cerebrolysin in cervical spondylotic myelopathy patients: a prospective randomized study. Spine J. 2018 Jul;18(7):1136-1142. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2017.11.002. Epub 2017 Nov 14. PMID: 29155000.

Amadio P, Cummings DM (1983) Evaluation of acetaminophen in the management of osteoarthirits of the knee. Curr Ther Res, 34(1): 59-66.

Arbus L, Fajadet B, Aubert D, Morre M, Goldfinger E (1990) Activity of tetrazepam in low back pain. Clinical Trials Journal, 27(4): 258-67.

Basmajian JV (1978) Cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride effect on skeletal muscle spasm in the lumbar region and neck: two double-blind controlled clinical and laboratory studies. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 59(2): 58-63.

Berry H, Bloom B, Hamilton EB, Swinson DR (1982) Naproxen sodium, diflunisal, and placebo in the treatment of chronic back pain. Ann Rheum Dis, 41(2): 129-32.

Birbara CA, Puopolo AD, Munoz DR, Sheldon EA, Mangione A, Bohidar NR, Geba GP (2003) Treatment of chronic low back pain with etoricoxib, a new cyclo-oxygenase-2 selective inhibitor: improvement in pain and disability--a randomized, placebo-controlled, 3-month trial. J Pain, 4(6): 307-15.

Bombardier C, Laine L, Reicin A, Shapiro D, Burgos-Vargas R, Davis B, Day R, Ferraz MB, Hawkey CJ, Hochberg MC, Kvien TK, Schnitzer TJ (2000) Comparison of upper gastrointestinal toxicity of rofecoxib and naproxen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. VIGOR Study Group. N Engl J Med, 343(21): 1520-8, 2 p following 8.

Casale R (1988) Acute low back pain: Symptomatic treatment with a muscle relaxant drug. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 4: 81-8.

Chrubasik S, Model A, Black A, Pollak S (2003) A randomized double-blind pilot study comparing Doloteffin and Vioxx in the treatment of low back pain. Rheumatology (Oxford), 42(1): 141-8.

De Craen AJM, Di Giulio G, Lampe-Schoenmaeckers AJEM, Kessels AGH, Kleijnen J. Analgesic efficacy and safety of paracetamol-codeine combinations versus paracetamol alone: a systematic review. Br Med J 1996; 313: 321-325.

Deshpande A, Furlan A, Mailis-Gagnon A, Atlas S, Turk D. Opiáceos para el dolor lumbar crónico (Revisión Cochrane traducida). En: La Biblioteca Cochrane Plus, 2007 Número 4.

Friedman BW, Irizarry E, Solorzano C, Khankel N, Zapata J, Zias E, Gallagher EJ. Diazepam Is No Better Than Placebo When Added to Naproxen for Acute Low Back Pain. Ann Emerg Med. 2017 Jan 19. pii: S0196-0644(16)31214-8. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2016.10.002. [Epub ahead of print]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28187918?dopt=Abstract

Gagnier JJ, vanTulderM, Berman B, Bombardier C. Herbal medicine for low back pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 2.

Hickey RF (1982) Chronic low back pain: a comparison of diflunisal with paracetamol. N Z Med J, 95(707): 312-4.

Ju WD, Krupa DA, Walters DJ, Newman TL, Borenstein DG, Katz N, Group VC (2001) A placebo-controlled trial of rofecoxib in the treatment of chronic low back pain. Pain Med, 2(3): 242-3.

Katz N, Ju WD, Krupa DA, Sperling RS, Bozalis Rodgers D, Gertz BJ, Gimbel J, Coleman S, Fisher C, Nabizadeh S, Borenstein D (2003) Efficacy and safety of rofecoxib in patients with chronic low back pain: results from two 4-week, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, double-blind trials. Spine, 28(9): 851-8; discussion 9.

Katz N, Rodgers DB, Krupa D, Reicin A (2004) Onset of pain relief with rofecoxib in chronic low back pain: results of two four-week, randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Curr Med Res Opin, 20(5): 651-8.

Koes BW, Scholten RJPM, Mens JMA, Bouter LM. Efficacy of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for low back pain: a systematic review of randomised clinical trials. Ann Rheum Dis 1997; 56: 214-23.

Krebs EE, Gravely A, Nugent S, et al. Effect of Opioid vsNonopioid Medications on Pain-Related Function in Patients With Chronic Back Pain or Hip or Knee Osteoarthritis Pain: The SPACE Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2018 Mar 6;319(9):872-882. doi: 10.1001/jama.2018.0899. PMID: 29509867. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29509867

Kuijpers T, van Middelkoop M, Rubinstein SM, Ostelo R, Verhagen A, Koes BM, van Tulder MW
A systematic review on the effectiveness of pharmacological interventions for chronic non-specific low-back pain Eur. J. Spine 2011 Enero, 20 (1) : 40-50.

Machado GC, Maher CG, Ferreira PH, Pinheiro MB, Lin CW, Day RO, McLachlan AJ, Ferreira ML. Efficacy and safety of paracetamol for spinal pain and osteoarthritis: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo controlled trials. BMJ. 2015 Mar 31;350:h1225. doi: 10.1136/bmj.h1225. Review. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25828856

Pallay R, Seger W, Adler J, Ettlinger R, Quaidoo E, Lipetz R, O'Brien K, Mucciola L, Skalky C, Petruschke R, Bohidar N, Geba G (2004) Etoricoxib reduced pain and disability and improved quality of life in patients with chronic low back pain: a 3 month, randomized, controlled trial. Scand J Rheumatol, 33(4): 257-66.

Peloso P, Gross A, Haines T, Trinh K, Goldsmith CH, Burnie S, Cervical Overview Group. Tratamientos medicinales e inyectables para los trastornos mecánicos del cuello (Revisión Cochrane traducida). En: La Biblioteca Cochrane Plus, 2007 Número 4.

Pipino F, Menarini C, Lombardi G, Guerzoni P, Ferrini A, Pizzoli A, Grangie A, Beltrame A, Sorbilli G, Gottardo R, Cilento F (1991) A direct myotonolytic (Pridinol Mesilate) for the management of chronic low back pain: A multicentre, comparative clinical evaluation. European Journal of Clinical Research, 1: 55-70.

Postacchini F, Facchini M, Palieri P (1988) Efficacy of various forms of conservative treatment in low back pain: a comparative study. Neurol Orthop, 6: 113-6.

Pratzel HG, Alken RG, Ramm S (1996) Efficacy and tolerance of repeated oral doses of tolperisone hydrochloride in the treatment of painful reflex muscle spasm: results of a prospective placebo-controlled double-blind trial. Pain, 67(2-3): 417-25.

Roelofs PDDM, Deyo RA, Koes BW, Scholten RJPM, van Tulder MW. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for low back pain.Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue

Staal J B, Rob A. de Bie, Henrica C. W. de Vet, Jan Hildebrandt, and Patty Nelemans. Injection Therapy for Subacute and Chronic Low Back Pain. An Updated Cochrane Review. SPINE Volume 34, Number 1, pp 49–59. 2008.

Salzmann E, Pforringer W, Paal G, Gierend M (1992) Treatment of chronic low-back syndrome with tetrazepam in a placebo controlled double-blind trial. J Drug Dev, 4: 219-28.

Silverstein FE, Faich G, Goldstein JL, Simon LS, Pincus T, Whelton A, Makuch R, Eisen G, Agrawal NM, Stenson WF, Burr AM, Zhao WW, Kent JD, Lefkowith JB, Verburg KM, Geis GS (2000) Gastrointestinal toxicity with celecoxib vs nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: the CLASS study: A randomized controlled trial. Celecoxib Long-term Arthritis Safety Study. Jama, 284(10): 1247-55.

Topol EJ (2004) Failing the Public Health -- Rofecoxib, Merck, and the FDA. N Engl J Med.

Towheed TE, Judd MJ, Hochberg MC, Wells G (2003) Acetaminophen for osteoarthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, (2): CD004257.

van Tulder MW, Koes BW, Bouter LM (1997) Conservative treatment of acute and chronic nonspecific low back pain. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials of the most common interventions. Spine, 22(18): 2128-56.

van Tulder MW, Scholten RJPM, Koes BW, Deyo RA. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for non-specific low back pain (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 2000. Oxford: Update Software.

van Tulder MW, Touray T, Furlan AD, Solway S, Bouter LM. Muscle relaxants for non-specific low back pain (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2004. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Van Tulder MW, Touray T, Furlan AD, Solway S, Bouter LM. Miorrelajantes para el tratamiento del dolor lumbar inespecífico (Revisión Cochrane traducida). En: La Biblioteca Cochrane Plus, 2007 Número 4.

Vetter G, Bruggemann G, Lettko M, Schwieger G, Asbach H, Biermann W, Blasius K, Brinkmann R, Bruns H, Dorn E, et al. (1988) [Shortening diclofenac therapy by B vitamins. Results of a randomized double-blind study, diclofenac 50 mg versus diclofenac 50 mg plus B vitamins, in painful spinal diseases with degenerative changes]. Z Rheumatol, 47(5): 351-62.

Videman T, Osterman K (1984) Double-blind parallel study of piroxicam versus indomethacin in the treatment of low back pain. Ann Clin Res, 16(3): 156-60

Worz R, Bolten W, Heller B, Krainick JU, Pergande G (1996) [Flupirtine in comparison with chlormezanone in chronic musculoskeletal back pain. Results of a multicenter randomized double-blind study]. Fortschr Med, 114(35-36): 500-4

Otros fármacos:

Corticoides

Goldberg H, Firtch W, Tyburski M, Pressman A, Ackerson L, Hamilton L, Smith W, Carver R, Maratukulam A, Won LA, Carragee E, Avins AL. Oral steroids for acute radiculopathy due to a herniated lumbar disk: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2015 May 19;313(19):1915-23. doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.4468.

Roncoroni C, Baillet A, Durand M, et al. Rheumatology (Oxford). Efficacy and tolerance of systemic steroids in sciatica: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2011 Sep;50(9):1603-11. Epub 2011 Apr 27. (Review) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21525139?dopt=Abstract

Opiáceos

Ashworth J, Green DJ, Dunn KM, Jordan KP. Opioid use among low back pain patients in primary care: Is opioid prescription associated with disability at 6-month follow-up? Pain. 2013 Jul;154(7):1038-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23688575

Chou R, Turner JA, Devine EB, Hansen RN, Sullivan SD, Blazina I, Dana T, Bougatsos C, Deyo RA. The effectiveness and risks of long-term opioid therapy for chronic pain: a systematic review for a national institutes of health pathways to prevention workshop.Ann Intern Med. 2015 Feb 17;162(4):276-86. doi: 10.7326/M14-2559. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25581257

Deshpande A, Furlan A, Mailis-Gagnon A, Atlas S, Turk D. Opiáceos para el dolor lumbar crónico (Revisión Cochrane traducida). En: La Biblioteca Cochrane Plus, 2007 Número 4.

Deyo RA, Smith DH, Johnson ES, Tillotson CJ, Donovan M, Yang X, Petrik A, Morasco BJ, Dobscha SK. Prescription Opioids for Back Pain and Use of Medications for Erectile Dysfunction. SPINE 2013 Volume 38, Number 11, pp 909–915.

Hale ME, Fleischmann R, Salzman R, Wild J, Iwan T, Swanton RE, Kaiko RF, Lacouture PG (1999) Efficacy and safety of controlled-release versus immediate-release oxycodone: randomized, double-blind evaluation in patients with chronic back pain. Clin J Pain, 15(3): 179-83.

Hills JM, Pennings JS, Archer KR, Wick JB, Daryoush J, Butler M, Sivaganesan A, Khan I, Call R, Devin CJ. Preoperative Opioids and 1-year Patient-reportedOutcomes After Spine Surgery.Spine (PhilaPa 1976). 2019 Jun 15;44(12):887-895. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000002964. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30601356

Jamison RN, Raymond SA, Slawsby EA, Nedeljkovic SS, Katz NP (1998) Opioid therapy for chronic noncancer back pain. A randomized prospective study. Spine, 23(23): 2591-600.

Kalakoti P, Hendrickson NR, Bedard NA, Pugely AJ Opioid Utilization Following Lumbar Arthrodesis: Trends and Factors Associated With Long-term Use.Spine (PhilaPa 1976). 2018 Sep 1;43(17):1208-1216. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000002734. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30045343

Kalakoti P, Volkmar AJ, Bedard NA, Eisenberg JM, Hendrickson NR, PugelyAJ. Preoperative Chronic Opioid Therapy Negatively Impacts Long-term Outcomes Following Cervical Fusion Surgery. Spine (PhilaPa 1976). 2019 Sep;44(18):1279-1286. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000003064. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30973507

Luo M, Shi F, Wang H, Chen Z, Dai H, Shi Y, Chen J, Tang S, Huang J, Xiao ZThe impact of perioperative opioid use on postoperative outcomes following spinal surgery: a meta-analysis of 60 cohort studies with 13 million participants .Spine J. 2024 Feb;24(2):278-296. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2023.09.027. Epub 2023 Oct 14

Maier C, Hildebrandt J, Klinger R, Henrich-Eberl C, Lindena G (2002) Morphine responsiveness, efficacy and tolerability in patients with chronic non-tumor associated pain - results of a double-blind placebo-controlled trial (MONTAS). Pain, 97(3): 223-33.

Mullican WS, Lacy JR (2001) Tramadol/acetaminophen combination tablets and codeine/acetaminophen combination capsules for the management of chronic pain: a comparative trial. Clin Ther, 23(9): 1429-45.

Nampiaparampil DE, Nampiaparampil GM, Nampiaparampil RG. Oral opioid analgesics vs. spinal steroid injections in the treatment of low back pain syndromes. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2012 Feb;91(2):162-76.

O'Donnell JA1, Anderson JT2, Haas AR3, Percy R3, Woods ST3, Ahn UM4, Ahn NU5.Preoperative Opioid Use is a Predictor of Poor Return to Work in Workers' CompensationPatients After Lumbar Diskectomy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2018 Apr 15;43(8):594-602. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000002385. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28837531

Palangio M, Damask MJ, Morris E, Doyle RT, Jr., Jiang JG, Landau CJ, de Padova A (2000) Combination hydrocodone and ibuprofen versus combination codeine and acetaminophen for the treatment of chronic pain. Clin Ther, 22(7): 879-92.

Raber S, Hofmann S, Junge K, Momberger H, Kuhn D (1999) Analgesic effect and tolerability of Tramadol 100mg sustained-release capsules in patients with moderate to severe chronic low back pain. Clin Drug Invest, 17: 415-23.

Ruoff GE, Rosenthal N, Jordan D, Karim R, Kamin M (2003) Tramadol/acetaminophen combination tablets for the treatment of chronic lower back pain: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled outpatient study. Clin Ther, 25(4): 1123-41.

Schnitzer TJ, Gray WL, Paster RZ, Kamin M (2000) Efficacy of tramadol in treatment of chronic low back pain. J Rheumatol, 27(3): 772-8

Antidepresivos

Alcoff J, Jones E, Rust P, Newman R (1982) Controlled trial of imipramine for chronic low back pain. J Fam Pract, 14(5): 841-6.

Ansari A (2000) The efficacy of newer antidepressants in the treatment of chronic pain: a review of current literature. Harv Rev Psychiatry, 7(5): 257-77.

Atkinson JH, Slater MA, Williams RA, Zisook S, Patterson TL, Grant I, Wahlgren DR, Abramson I, Garfin SR (1998) A placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial of nortriptyline for chronic low back pain. Pain, 76(3): 287-96

Atkinson JH, Slater MA, Wahlgren DR, Williams RA, Zisook S, Pruitt SD, Epping-Jordan JE, Patterson TL, Grant I, Abramson I, Garfin SR (1999) Effects of noradrenergic and serotonergic antidepressants on chronic low back pain intensity. Pain, 83(2): 137-45.

Dickens C, Jayson M, Sutton C, Creed F (2000) The relationship between pain and depression in a trial using paroxetine in sufferers of chronic low back pain. Psychosomatics, 41(6): 490-9.

Ferreira GE, McLachlan AJ, Lin CC, et al. Efficacy and safety of antidepressants for the treatment of back pain and osteoarthritis: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2021;372:m4825. doi:10.1136/bmj.m4825

Fishbain D (2000) Evidence-based data on pain relief with antidepressants. Ann Med, 32(5): 305-16.

Gardela G (1991) [Value of adjuvant treatment with imipramine for lumbosacral pain syndrome]. Pol Tyg Lek, 46(30-31): 544-6.

Goodkin K, Gullion CM, Agras WS (1990) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of trazodone hydrochloride in chronic low back pain syndrome. J Clin Psychopharmacol, 10(4): 269-78.

Hameroff SR, Cork RC, Scherer K, Crago BR, Neuman C, Womble JR, Davis TP (1982) Doxepin effects on chronic pain, depression and plasma opioids. J Clin Psychiatry, 43(8 Pt 2): 22-7.

Hameroff SR, Weiss JL, Lerman JC, Cork RC, Watts KS, Crago BR, Neuman CP, Womble JR, Davis TP (1984) Doxepin's effects on chronic pain and depression: a controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry, 45(3 Pt 2): 47-53.

Jenkins DG, Ebbutt AF, Evans CD (1976) Tofranil in the treatment of low back pain. J Int Med Res, 4(2 Suppl): 28-40.

Pheasant H, Bursk A, Goldfarb J, Azen SP, Weiss JN, Borelli L (1983) Amitriptyline and chronic low-back pain. A randomized double-blind crossover study. Spine, 8(5): 552-7.

Salerno SM, Browning R, Jackson JL (2002) The effect of antidepressant treatment on chronic back pain: a meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med, 162(1): 19-24.

Schreiber S, Vinokur S, Shavelzon V, Pick CG, Zahavi E, Shir Y (2001) A randomized trial of fluoxetine versus amitriptyline in musculo-skeletal pain. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci, 38(2): 88-94.

Staiger TO, Gaster B, Sullivan MD, Deyo RA (2003) Systematic review of antidepressants in the treatment of chronic low back pain. Spine, 28(22): 2540-5.

Storch H, Steck P (1982) [Concomitant thymoleptic therapy in the frame of a controlled study with maprotiline (Ludiomil) in the treatment of backache]. Nervenarzt, 53(8): 445-50.

Treves R, Montaine de la Roque P, Dumond JJ, Bertin P, Arnaud M, Desproges-Gotteron R (1991) [Prospective study of the analgesic action of clomipramine versus placebo in refractory lumbosciatica (68 cases)]. Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic, 58(7): 549-52.

Urquhart DM, Hoving JL, Assendelft WWJJ, Roland M, van Tulder MW. Antidepressants for non-specific low back pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 1

Ward N, Bokan JA, Phillips M, Benedetti C, Butler S, Spengler D (1984) Antidepressants in concomitant chronic back pain and depression: doxepin and desipramine compared. J Clin Psychiatry, 45(3 Pt 2): 54-9.

Ward NG (1986) Tricyclic antidepressants for chronic low-back pain. Mechanisms of action and predictors of response. Spine, 11(7): 661-5.

Capsaicina

Frerick H, Keitel W, Kuhn U, Schmidt S, Bredehorst A, Kuhlmann M. Topical treatment of chronic low back pain with a capsicum plaster. Pain 2003;106(1-2): 59-64.

Jia-Guang Tang, Hui-Sheng Chen, Wen Yuan, Shuxun Hou, Xinwei Wang, and Xuhui Zhou.The Role of Capsaicin-Sensitive Primary Afferents in Experimental Sciatica Induced by Disc Herniation in Rats. SPINE 2008, Volume 33, Number 2, pp 163–168

Keitel W, Frerick H, Kuhn U, Schmidt U, Kuhlmann M, Bredehorst A. Capsicum pain plaster in chronic non-specific low back pain. Arzneimittelforschung 2001; 51(11): 896-903.

Mason L, Moore RA, Derry S, Edwards JE, McQuay HJ Systematic review of topical capsaicin for the treatment of chronic pain. BMJ 2004; 328(7446): 991.

Gabapentina y Pregabalina.

Kroenke K, Krebs EE, Bair MJ. Pharmacotherapy of chronic pain: a synthesis of recommendations from systematic reviews Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2009 May-Jun;31(3):206-19. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2008.12.006. Epub 2009 Mar 4.

McLeane GJ. Does gabapentin have an analgesic effect on background, movement and referred pain? A randomised, double-blinded, placebo controlled study. Pain Clnic 2001;13:103-7.

Romanò CL, Romanò D, Lacerenza M Antineuropathic and antinociceptive drugs combination in patients with chronic low back pain: asystematic review. Pain Res Treat. 2012;2012:154781. doi: 10.1155/2012/154781. Epub 2012 Apr 26.

Shanthanna H, Gilron I, Rajarathinam M, AlAmri R, Kamath S, Thabane L, Devereaux PJ, Bhandari M. Benefits and safety of gabapentinoids in chronic low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS Med. 2017 Aug 15;14(8):e1002369. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002369. eCollection 2017 Aug. Review.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28809936

Fármacos anti-TNF (factor de necrosis tumoral)

Atcheson SG, Dymeck T. Rapid resolution of chronic sciatica with intravenous infliximab after failed epidural steroid injections. Spine. 2004 Jun 15;29(12):E248-50.

Cohen SP et al., Epidural steroids, etanercept, or saline in subacute sciatica: A multicenter, randomized trial, Annals of Internal Medicine, 2012; 156:551–9.

Cooper RG. Freemont AJ. TNF-a blockade for herniated intervertebral disc-induced sciatica: A way forward at last?.Rheumatology 2004;43(2):119-121

Freeman et al., A randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial of etanercept delivered by the transforaminal route for the treatment of symptomatic lumbosacral disc herniation, presented at Spine Week 2012, Amsterdam, Netherlands; as yet unpublished.

Genevay S et al., Adalimumab in severe and acute sciatica: A multicenter, randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial, Arthritis & Rheumatism, 2010;62:2339-46.

Genevay S et al., Adalimumab in acute sciatica reduces the longterm need for surgery: A 3-year
follow-up of a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial, Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases,
2011; 71:560–2.

Karppinen J, Korhonen T, Malmivaara A, Paimela L, Kyllonen E, Lindgren KA, Rantanen P, Tervonen O, Niinimaki J, Seitsalo S, Hurri H. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha monoclonal antibody, infliximab, used to manage severe sciatica. Spine. 2003 Apr 15;28(8):750-3; discussion 753-4.

Karppinen J et al., Tumor necrosis factor-alpha monoclonal antibody, infliximab, used to manage
severe sciatica, Spine, 2003;28:750–3.

Korhonen T et al., The treatment of disc-herniation-induced sciatica with infliximab: One-year
follow-up results of FIRST II, a randomized controlled trial, Spine, 2006; 31:2759–66.

Ohtori S et al., Epidural administration of spinal nerves with the tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitor, etanercept, compared with dexamethasone for treatment of sciatica in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis: A prospective randomized study, Spine, 2012;37:439–44.

Olmarker K, Rydevik B. Selective inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-alpha prevents nucleus pulposus-induced thrombus formation, intraneural edema, and reduction of nerve conduction velocity: possible implications for future pharmacologic treatment strategies of sciatica. Spine. 2001 Apr 15;26(8):863-9

Olmarker K, Nutu M, Storkson R. Changes in spontaneous behavior in rats exposed to experimental disc herniation are blocked by selective TNF-alpha inhibition. Spine. 2003 Aug 1;28(15):1635-41; discussion 1642.

Olmarker K, Combination of two cytokine inhibitors reduces nucleus pulposus-induced nerve injury more than using each inhibitor separately, The Open Orthopaedics Journal, 2011;5:151–3.

Onda A, Yabuki S, Kikuchi S. Effects of neutralizing antibodies to tumor necrosis factor-alpha on nucleus pulposus-induced abnormal nociresponses in rat dorsal horn neurons. Spine. 2003 May 15;28(10):967-72

Roberts S, Present status of the biology of disc degeneration and inflammatory cascade: Relationship to present and potential treatments, presented at the annual meeting of the International Society for the Study of the Lumbar Spine at Spine Week 2012, Amsterdam, Netherlands; as yet unpublished.

Schoene ML, Disc surgery to become obsolete?, The BackLetter, 2003;18(12):133–5.

Tobinick EL, Britschgi-Davoodifar S. Perispinal TNF-alpha inhibition for discogenic pain. Swiss Med Wkly. 2003 Mar 22;133(11-12):170-7.

Tobinick EL. Targeted etanercept for discogenic neck pain: uncontrolled, open-label results in two adults. Clin Ther. 2003 Apr;25(4):1211-8.

Wehling P.Transfer of genes to intervertebral disc cells: proposal for a treatment strategy of spinal disorders by local gene therapy. Joint Bone Spine. 2001 Dec;68(6):554-6.

Yabuki S, Onda A, Kikuchi S, Myers RR. Prevention of compartment syndrome in dorsal root ganglia caused by exposure to nucleus pulposus. Spine. 2001 Apr 15;26(8):870-5.

Cerebrolisina

Sharma A, Marathe N, Aggarwal R, Singh V, Shakya A, Kamble P, Jaiswal A, Mangale N, Rocos B. Prospective Randomized Control Pilot Study to Compare the Role of Injection Cerebrolysin in Operated cases of Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2022 Jan 15;47(2):E58-E63. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000004131. PMID: 34889883.

7. Intervención neurorreflejoterápica

Airaksinen O, Brox JI, Cedraschi I, et al. European guidelines for the management of chronic non-specific low back pain. Eur Spine J 2006;15:S192-299.

Campillo C, Casamitjana M, Carrillo-Arias F, Royuela A, Kovacs FM, Abraira V..Post-implementation surveillance of a non-pharmacological health technology within a national health service. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 2014 Apr;30(2):153-64. doi: 10.1017/S0266462314000063. Epub 2014 May 7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24806084.

Cano A, Gestoso M, Kovacs F, Hale C, Mufraggi N, Abraira V.The perceptions of people with low back pain treated in the Spanish National Health, and their experience while undergoing a new evidence based treatment. A focus group study . Disabil Rehabil. 2014;36(20):1713-22. http://informahealthcare.com/doi/pdf/10.3109/09638288.2013.869625 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24364535

Casasa A. La intervención neurorreflejoterápica en el Sistema Nacional de Salud español. Sociedad Española de Medicina de Familia y Comunitaria (semFYC), 2003

Chávida F. La intervención neurorreflejoterápica en el Sistema Nacional de Salud español.Sociedad Española de Medicina Rural y Generalista (SEMERGEN), 2003

Conde JL. Informe sobre neurorreflejoterapia en el tratamiento de la lumbalgia inespecífica realizado a solicitud del Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo. Agencia de Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias. Madrid: Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo, 20 de febrero de 1996.

Corcoll J, Orfila J, Tobajas P, Alegre L. Implementation of neuroreflexotherapy for subacute and chronic neck and back pain within the Spanish public health system: audit after one year. Health Policy 2006;79:345-357.

García Caeiro AL, Martínez Calvo AV. Informe sobre neurorreflejoterapia en el tratamiento de la lumbalgia inespecífica. Santiago de Compostela: Axencia de Avaliación de Tecnoloxías Sanitarias de Galicia (avalia-t); noviembre 2002.

Grupo PINS. Transferencia a la práctica rutinaria del Sistema Nacional de Salud de la investigación sobre el uso de la intervención neurorreflejoterápica para el tratamiento de las patologías mecánicas del raquis. Resultados de una experiencia piloto Gac Sanit 2004;18:275-286.

Hernández-Royo A. La intervención neurorreflejoterápica en el Sistema Nacional de Salud español. Sociedad Española de Rehabilitación (SERMEF), 2003.

Kovacs FM, Abraira V, López-Abente G, Pozo F. La intervención neurorreflejoterápica en el tratamiento de la lumbalgia inespecífica: un ensayo clínico controlado, aleatorizado, a doble ciego. Med Clín (Barc) 1993; 101: 570-575.

Kovacs FM, Abraira V, Pozo F, Kleinbaum DG, Beltrán J, Mateo I, Pérez de Ayala C, Peña A, Zea A, González Lanza M, Morillas L. Local and Remote Sustained Trigger Point Therapy for Exarcebations of Chronic Low Back Pain. A randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled, Multicenter Trial. Spine 1997; 22:786-797.

Kovacs FM, Llobera J, Abraira V, Lázaro P, Pozo F, Kleinbaum D and the KAP Group. Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Neuroreflexotherapy for Subacute and Chronic Low Back Pain in Routine General Practice. A Cluster Randomized, Controlled Trial. Spine 2002;27:1149-1159.

Kovacs FM, Abraira V, Muriel A, Corcoll J, Alegre J, Tomas M, Mir MA, Tobajas P, Gestoso M, Mufraggi N, Gil del Real MT, Zamora J. Prognostic factors for neuroreflexotherapy in the treatment of subacute and chronic neck and back pain. A study of predictors of clinical outcome in routine practice of the Spanish National Health Service. Spine 2007;32: 1621–1628.

Martín-Rodríguez JG. La intervención neurorreflejoterápica en el Sistema Nacional de Salud español. Federación Mundial de Sociedades de Neurocirugía, 2003.

Pallicer A, Corcoll J, Orfila J. Implementation and post-marketing surveillance of neuroreflexotherapy in the routine practice of the Spanish Public Health System. IX International Forum on Low Back Pain Research, Palma de Mallorca, October 2007, disponible en http://www.lbpforum.org/Abstracts/Abstract103.jpg, visitada el 8 de septiembre de 2008

Palomo L. La intervención neurorreflejoterápica en el Sistema Nacional de Salud español. Red Española de Atención Primaria,2002.

Ripoll P, Algara C, Quiñonero JA. Informe Delegado de la Sociedad Española de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología sobre el uso de la intervención neurorreflejoterápica. Sociedad Española de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología (SECOT), 2003.

Royuela A, Kovacs FM, Seco-Calvo J, Fernández-Félix BM, Abraira V, Zamora J. Physician-Related Variability in the Outcomes of an Invasive Treatment for Neck and Back Pain: A Multi-Level Analysis of Data Gathered in Routine Clinical Practice. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Apr 7;18(8):3855. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18083855. PMID: 33916951; PMCID: PMC8067591

Sampietro Colom L, Pons JMV. La neuroreflexoteràpia en el tractament del dolor lumbar inespecífic. Barcelona: Agència d’Avaluació de Tecnologia i Recerca Mèdiques, 2001.

Urrútia G, Burton AK, Morral A, Bonfill X, Zanoli G. Neuroreflexotherapy for non–specific low-back pain (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 2, 2004. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

8. Cirugía de la columna vertebral

Andersen T, Christensen FB, Hansen ES, Bunger C (2003) Pain 5 years after instrumented and non-instrumented posterolateral lumbar spinal fusion. Eur Spine J, 12(4): 393-9.

Arts MP, Brand R, van den Akker ME, Koes BW, Bartels RH, Peul WC; Leiden-The Hague Spine Intervention Prognostic Study Group (SIPS). Tubular diskectomy vs conventional microdiskectomy for sciatica: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009;302(2):149-58.

Axelsson P, Johnsson R, Stromqvist B, Andreasson H (1999) External pedicular fixation of the lumbar spine: outcome evaluation by functional tests. J Spinal Disord, 12(2): 147-50.

Axelsson P, Johnsson R, Stromqvist B, Andreasson H (2003) Temporary external pedicular fixation versus definitive bony fusion: a prospective comparative study on pain relief and function. Eur Spine J, 12(1): 41-7.

Bednar DA, Raducan V (1996) External spinal skeletal fixation in the management of back pain. Clin Orthop, (322): 131-9.

Berkman RA, Wright AH, Sivaganesan A. Opioid-free spine surgery: a prospective study of 244 consecutive cases by a single surgeon. Spine J. 2020 Aug;20(8):1176-1183. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2020.04.009. Epub 2020 Apr 19. PMID: 32320863.

Boden SD, Zdeblick TA, Sandhu HS, Heim SE (2000) The use of rhBMP-2 in interbody fusion cages. Definitive evidence of osteoinduction in humans: a preliminary report. Spine, 25(3): 376-81.

Boden SD, Kang J, Sandhu H, Heller JG (2002) Use of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 to achieve posterolateral lumbar spine fusion in humans: a prospective, randomized clinical pilot trial: 2002 Volvo Award in clinical studies. Spine, 27(23): 2662-73.

Brenne J, Burney E, Mauer K, Orina J, Philipp T, Yoo J. Risks associated with chronic cannabis use on opioid use, length of stay, and revision rate for patients undergoing posterior lumbar interbody fusion.Spine J. 2024 May;24(5):851-857. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2024.01.011. Epub 2024 Feb 1.

Brox JI (2003) Randomized clinical trial of lumbar instrumented fusion and cognitive intervention and exercises for the postlaminectomy syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis, Suppl 1(229).

Brox JI, Sorensen R, Friis A, Nygaard O, Indahl A, Keller A, Ingebrigtsen T, Eriksen HR, Holm I, Koller AK, Riise R, Reikeras O (2003) Randomized clinical trial of lumbar instrumented fusion and cognitive intervention and exercises in patients with chronic low back pain and disc degeneration. Spine, 28(17): 1913-21.

Burkus JK, Gornet MF, Dickman CA, Zdeblick TA (2002a) Anterior lumbar interbody fusion using rhBMP-2 with tapered interbody cages. J Spinal Disord Tech, 15(5): 337-49.

Burkus JK, Transfeldt EE, Kitchel SH, Watkins RG, Balderston RA (2002b) Clinical and radiographic outcomes of anterior lumbar interbody fusion using recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2. Spine, 27(21): 2396-408.

Christensen BF, Hansen SE, Laursen M, Thomsen K, Bunger CE (2002a) Long-term functional outcome of pedicle screw instrumentation as a support for posterolateral spinal fusion: randomized clinical study with a 5-year follow-up. Spine, 27(12): 1269-77.

Christensen FB, Hansen ES, Eiskjaer SP, Hoy K, Helmig P, Neumann P, Niedermann B, Bunger CE (2002b) Circumferential lumbar spinal fusion with Brantigan cage versus posterolateral fusion with titanium Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation: a prospective, randomized clinical study of 146 patients. Spine, 27(23): 2674-83.

Chou R, Baisden J, Carragee EJ, et al. Surgery for low back pain: a review of the evidence for an American Pain Society Clinical Practice Guideline.Spine 2009;34(10):1094-109.

Chou R, Loeser JD, Owens DK, Rosenquis RW, Atlas SJ, Baisden J, Carragee EJ, Grabois M, Murphy DR, Resnick DK, Stanos SP, Shaffer WO, Wall EM, for the American Pain Society Low Back Pain Guideline Panel. Interventional therapies, surgery, and interdisciplinary rehabilitation for low back pain. An evidence-based clinical practice guideline from the American pain society. Spine 2009;34:1066–1077.

Crawford CH 3rd, Carreon LY, Mummaneni P, Dryer RF, Glassman SD. Asymptomatic ACDF Nonunions Underestimate the True Prevalence of Radiographic Pseudarthrosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2020;45(13):E776-E780. doi:10.1097/BRS.0000000000003444

de Kleuver M, Oner FC, Jacobs WC (2003) Total disc replacement for chronic low back pain: background and a systematic review of the literature. Eur Spine J, 12(2): 108-16.

Deisseroth K, Hart RA,. Symptoms of Post-traumatic Stress Following Elective Lumbar Spinal Arthrodesis Spine 2012 ; 37 : 1628 – 1633.

Delamarter RB, Fribourg DM, Kanim LE, Bae H (2003) ProDisc artificial total lumbar disc replacement: introduction and early results from the United States clinical trial. Spine, 28(20): S167-75.

Fairbank JC, Frost H, Wilson-MacDonald J, Yu LM, Barker K, Collins R (2004) The MRC Spine Stabilisation Trial. A randomised controlled trial to compare surgical stabilisation of the lumbar spine versus an intensive rehabilitation programme on outcome in patients with chronic low back pain. BMJ, doi:10.1136/bmj.38441.620417.BF (published 23 May 2005)

Fritzell P, Hagg O, Wessberg P, Nordwall A (2001) 2001 Volvo Award Winner in Clinical Studies: Lumbar fusion versus nonsurgical treatment for chronic low back pain: a multicenter randomized controlled trial from the Swedish Lumbar Spine Study Group. Spine, 26(23): 2521-32; discussion 32-4.

Fritzell P, Hagg O, Wessberg P, Nordwall A (2002) Chronic low back pain and fusion: a comparison of three surgical techniques: a prospective multicenter randomized study from the Swedish lumbar spine study group. Spine, 27(11): 1131-41.

Fritzell P, Hagg O, Nordwall A (2003) Complications in lumbar fusion surgery for chronic low back pain: comparison of three surgical techniques used in a prospective randomized study. A report from the Swedish Lumbar Spine Study Group. Eur Spine J, 12(2): 178-89.

Fritzell P, Hagg O, Jonsson D, Nordwall A (2004) Cost-effectiveness of lumbar fusion and nonsurgical treatment for chronic low back pain in the Swedish Lumbar Spine Study: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial from the Swedish Lumbar Spine Study Group. Spine, 29(4): 421-34; discussion Z3.

Geisler FH, Blumenthal SL, Guyer RD, McAfee PC, Regan JJ, Johnson JP, Mullin B (2004) Neurological complications of lumbar artificial disc replacement and comparison of clinical results with those related to lumbar arthrodesis in the literature: results of a multicenter, prospective, randomized investigational device exemption study of Charite intervertebral disc. Invited submission from the Joint Section Meeting on Disorders of the Spine and Peripheral Nerves, March 2004. J Neurosurg Spine, 1(2): 143-54.

Gibson JN, Grant IC, Waddell G (1999) The Cochrane review of surgery for lumbar disc prolapse and degenerative lumbar spondylosis. Spine, 24(17): 1820-32.

Gibson JNA, Grant IC, Wadell G. Surgery for lumbar disc prolapse. Cochrane database of systematic reviews. Issue 4, 2000. Oxford.

Gibson JN, Waddell G. Surgical interventions for lumbar disc prolapse. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Apr 18;(2):CD001350. Review.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17443505

Guo WJ, Wang WK, Xu D, Qiao Z, Shi YL, Luo P.Evaluating the Quality, Content,and Readability of Online Resources for Failed Back SpinalSurgery.Spine (PhilaPa 1976). 2019 Apr 1;44(7):494-502. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30234809

Grupo de Variaciones en la Práctica Médica de la Red temática de Investigación en Resultados y Servicios de Salud (Grupo VPC-IRYS). Variaciones en cirugía ortopédica y traumatología en el Sistema Nacional de Salud. Atlas VPM, Zaragoza: Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud; 2005;(1)p.17-36.

Hamawandi SA, Sulaiman II, Al-Humairi AK. Open fenestration discectomy versus microscopic fenestration discectomy for lumbar disc herniation: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2020;21(1):384. Published 2020 Jun 15. doi:10.1186/s12891-020-03396-x

Hellum C, Rekeland F, Småstuen MC, Solberg T, et al. Surgery in degenerative spondylolisthesis: does fusion improve outcome in subgroups? A secondary analysis from a randomized trial (NORDSTEN trial). Spine J. 2023 Nov;23(11):1613-1622. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2023.06.386. Epub 2023 Jun 22. PMID: 37355044

Jacobs W,Willems PC, van Limbeek J, Bartels R, Pavlov P, Anderson PG, Oner C. Single or double-level anterior interbody fusion techniques for cervical degenerative disc disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 1.

Jacobs W , van der Gaag NA, Kruyt MC, Tuschel A, de Kleuver M, , Peul WC, Verbout AJ , Oner FC. Total Disc Replacement for Chronic Discogenic Low Back Pain. A Cochrane Review. Spine 2013 ; 38 : 24 – 36

Johnsson R, Stromqvist B, Aspenberg P (2002) Randomized radiostereometric study comparing osteogegnic protein-1 (BMP-7) and autograft bone in human noninstrumented posterolateral lumbar fusion: 2002 Volvo Award in clinical studies. Spine, 27(23): 2654-61.

Karlsson T, Försth P, Skorpil M, Pazarlis K, Öhagen P, Michaëlsson K, Sandén B. Decompression alone or decompression with fusion for lumbar spinal stenosis: a randomized clinical trial with two-year MRI follow-up. Bone Joint J. 2022 Dec;104-B(12):1343-1351. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.104B12.BJJ-2022-0340.R1. PMID: 36453045; PMCID: PMC9680197.

Karpova A , Arun R , Davis AM , Kulkarni AV, Massicotte EM , Mikulis DJ , Lubina ZI, Fehlings MG Predictors of Surgical Outcome in Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy. Spine 2013 ; 38 :392 – 400.

Keeney BJ, Fulton-Kehoe D,. Turner JA, Wickizer TM, Chan KCh, Franklin GM. Early Predictors of Lumbar Spine Surgery After Occupational Back Injury. Results From a Prospective Study of Workers in Washington State. SPINE 2013, Volume 38, Number 11, pp 953–964

Keller A, Brox JI, Gunderson R, Holm I, Friis A, Reikeras O (2004) Trunk muscle strength, cross-sectional area, and density in patients with chronic low back pain randomized to lumbar fusion or cognitive intervention and exercises. Spine, 29(1): 3-8.

Kovacs FM, Urrútia G, Alarcón JD. Surgery versus conservative treatment for symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Spine 2011;36:E1335–E1351

Kulkarni AG, Patel R, Dutta S, Patil V. Stand-alone Lateral Recess Decompression Without Discectomy in Patients Presenting With Claudicant Radicular Pain and MRI Evidence of Lumbar Disc Herniation: A Prospective Study.Spine (PhilaPa 1976). 2017 Jul 1;42(13):984-991. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000001944. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27792115

Lieber AM, Kirchner GJ, Kerbel YE, Khalsa AS. Robotic assisted pedicle screw placement fails to reduce overall postoperative complications in fusion surgery.Spine J. 2019 Feb;19(2):212-217. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2018.07.004. Epub 2018 Aug 29. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30010044.

Lunardini DJ, Mauser NS, Krag MH, Lee JY, Donaldson WH, Kang JD. Cervical bracing practices after degenerative cervical surgery: a survey of Cervical SpineResearch Society members.Spine J. 2018 Oct;18(10):1950-1955. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2018.05.014. Epub 2018 May 21.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29792996

Ma Y, Guo L, Cai X (2001) [Posterior interbody fusion or posterolateral fusion for discogenic low back pain]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi, 81(20): 1253-5.

Machado GC, Witzleb AJ, Fritsch C, Maher CG, Ferreira PH, Ferreira ML.Patients with sciatica still experience pain and disability 5 years after surgery: A systematic review with meta-analysis of cohort studies. Eur J Pain. 2016 May 12. doi: 10.1002/ejp.893. [Epub ahead of print] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27172245

Madan S, Boeree NR (2003) Outcome of the Graf ligamentoplasty procedure compared with anterior lumbar interbody fusion with the Hartshill horseshoe cage. Eur Spine J, 12(4): 361-8.

Mancuso CA, Duculan R, Cammisa FP, Sama AA, Hughes AP, Lebl DR, Yang J, Ghomrawi HMK, Girardi FP. Concordance Between Patients' and Surgeons' Expectations of Lumbar Surgery. Spine (PhilaPa 1976). 2021 Feb 15;46(4):249-258. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000003775. PMID: 33156286

McAfee PC, Lee GA, Fedder IL, Cunningham BW (2002) Anterior BAK instrumentation and fusion: complete versus partial discectomy. Clin Orthop, (394): 55-63.

McAfee PC, Fedder IL, Saiedy S, Shucosky EM, Cunningham BW (2003a) Experimental design of total disk replacement-experience with a prospective randomized study of the SB Charite. Spine, 28(20): S153-62.

McAfee PC, Fedder IL, Saiedy S, Shucosky EM, Cunningham BW (2003b) SB Charite disc replacement: report of 60 prospective randomized cases in a US center. J Spinal Disord Tech, 16(4): 424-33.

Moojen WA, Arts MP, Jacobs WC, van Zwet EW, van den Akker-van Marle ME, Koes BW, Vleggeert-Lankamp CL, Peul WC; Leiden-The Hague Spine Intervention Prognostic Study Group. Interspinous process device versus standard conventional surgical decompression for lumbar spinal stenosis: randomized controlled trial. BMJ. 2013 Nov 14;347:f6415. doi: 10.1136/bmj.f6415. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24231273

Nikolaidis I, Fouyas IP, Sandercock PAG, Statham PF. Surgery for cervical radiculopathy or myelopathy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 1

Noorian S, Sorensen K, Cho W. A systematic review of clinical outcomes in surgicaltreatment of adult isthmic spondylolisthesis.Spine J. 2018 Aug;18(8):1441-1454. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2018.04.022. Epub 2018 May 7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29746966

Oestergaard LG, Nielsen CV, Bünger CE, Sogaard R, Fruensgaard S, Helmig P, Christensen FB. The Effect of Early Initiation of Rehabilitation After Lumbar Spinal Fusion. A Randomized Clinical Study. Spine 2012 ; 37 :1803 – 1809

Oliver Rivero-Arias, Helen Campbell, Alastair Gray, Jeremy Fairbank, Helen Frost, James Wilson- MacDonald for the Spine Stabilisation Trial Group. Surgical stabilisation of the spine compared with a programme of intensive rehabilitation for the management of patients with chronic low back pain: cost utility analysis based on a randomised controlled trial. BMJ, doi:10.1136/bmj.38441.429618.BF (published 23 May 2005)

Ostelo RWJG, Costa LOP, Maher CG, de Vet HCW, van Tulder MW. Rehabilitation after lumbar disc surgery. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 4. Art.

Pearson A, Lurie J, Tosteson T, Zhao W , Abdu W , Mirza S, Weinstein J. Who Should Have Surgery for an Intervertebral Disc Herniation? Comparative Effectiveness Evidence From the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial. Spine 2012 ; 37 : 140 – 149

Peul WC, van Houwelingen HC, van de Hout W, Brand R, Eekhol JAH, Tans JTJ, Thomeer RTWM, Koes BW Surgery versus Prolonged Conservative Treatment for Sciatica. N Engl J Med 2007;356:2245-56.

Peul WC, Van den Hout WB, Brand R, Thomeer RT, Koes BW, for the Leiden-The Hague Spine-Intervention-Prognostic-Study Group. Prolonged conservative care versus early surgery in patients with sciatica caused by lumbar disc herniation: two year results of a randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2008;10.1136/bmj.a143.

Rahmani R, Sanda M, Sheffels E, Singleton A, Stegelmann SD, Kane B, Andreshak TG. The efficacy of prophylactic vertebroplasty for preventing proximal junctional complications after spinal fusion: a systematic review. Spine J. 2022 Dec;22(12):2050-2058. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2022.07.104. Epub 2022 Aug 6. PMID: 35944827

Rasouli MR, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Shokraneh F, Moradi-Lakeh M, Chou R. Minimally invasive discectomy versus microdiscectomy/open discectomy for symptomatic lumbar disc herniation.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Sep 4;(9):CD010328. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010328.pub2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25184502

Rihn JA, Radcliff K, Hilibrand AS, Anderson DT, Zhao W, Lurie J, Vaccaro AR, Freedman MK, Albert TJ, Weinstein JN.Does Obesity Affect Outcomes of Treatment for Lumbar Stenosis and Degenerative Spondylolisthesis?. Analysis of the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial (SPORT)Spine 2012 ; 37 : 1933 – 1946.

Sasso RC, Kitchel SH, Dawson EG (2004) A prospective, randomized controlled clinical trial of anterior lumbar interbody fusion using a titanium cylindrical threaded fusion device. Spine, 29(2): 113-22; discussion 21-2.

Schoene M. Spinal fusión for degenerative disc disease: An operation in search of an indication. The Back Letter 2013;4(28):37

Sharma H, Lee SW, Cole AA. The management of weakness caused by lumbar andlumbosacral nerve root compression.J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2012 Nov;94(11):1442-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23109619

Thomas K, Faris P, McIntosh G, Manners S, Abraham E, Bailey CS, Paquet J,Cadotte D, Jacobs WB, Rampersaud YR, Manson NA, Hall H, Fisher CG. Decompression alone vs. decompression plus fusion for claudication secondary to lumbar spinal stenosis. Spine J. 2019 Oct;19(10):1633-1639. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2019.06.003. Epub 2019 Jun 10. PubMed PMID: 31195133.

Thomsen K, Christensen FB, Eiskjaer SP, Hansen ES, Fruensgaard S, Bunger CE (1997) 1997 Volvo Award winner in clinical studies. The effect of pedicle screw instrumentation on functional outcome and fusion rates in posterolateral lumbar spinal fusion: a prospective, randomized clinical study. Spine, 22(24): 2813-22.

Vaccaro AR, Fisher CG , Angevine PD , Patel AA, Mulpuri K , Thomas KC, Whang PG , Prasad SK. Evidence-Based Recommendations for Spine Surgery. SPINE 2012 ; 37, 15, E875–E882

van den Hout WB, Peul WC, Koes BW, Brand R, Kievit J, Thomeer RT; Leiden-The Hague Spine Intervention Prognostic Study Group. Prolonged conservative care versus early surgery in patients with sciatica from lumbar disc herniation: cost utility analysis alongside a randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2008;336(7657):1351-4. Epub 2008 May 23.

Wang Y, Nataraj A. Foot drop resulting from degenerative lumbar spinal diseases: clinical characteristics and prognosis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2014 Feb;117:33-9 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24438801.

Wang Y, Liang Z, Wu J, Tu S, Chen C. Comparative Clinical Effectiveness of Tubular Microdiscectomy and Conventional Microdiscectomy for Lumbar Disc Herniation: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Spine (PhilaPa 1976).2019 Jul 15;44(14):1025-1033.

Willems PC et al. Spinal fusion for chronic low back pain. Systematic review on the accuracy of tests for patient selection. The Spine Journal 2013;12(2):99-109
Willems PC et al. Clinical decision making in spinal fusión for chronic low bakc pain. Results of a nationwide survey among spine surgeons. BMJ Open 2011;1:e000391. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000391.

Zhang B, Liu S, Liu J, Yu B, Guo W, Li Y, Liu Y, Ruan W, Ning G, Feng S. Transforaminal endoscopic discectomy versus conventional microdiscectomy for lumbar discherniation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Orthop Surg Res. 2018 Jul 5;13(1):169. doi: 10.1186/s13018-018-0868-0. PMID: 29976224; PMCID: PMC6034279.

Zhao J, Wang X, Hou T, He S (2002) One versus two BAK fusion cages in posterior lumbar interbody fusion to L4-L5 degenerative spondylolisthesis: a randomized, controlled prospective study in 25 patients with minimum two-year follow-up. Spine, 27(24): 2753-7.

Zigler JE (2003) Clinical results with ProDisc: European experience and U.S. investigation device exemption study. Spine, 28(20): S163-6.

Zigler JE, Burd TA, Vialle EN, Sachs BL, Rashbaum RF, Ohnmeiss DD (2003) Lumbar spine arthroplasty: early results using the ProDisc II: a prospective randomized trial of arthroplasty versus fusion. J Spinal Disord Tech, 16(4): 352-61

DISPOSITIVOS INTERESPINOSOS

Grant Skidmore, Stacey J. Ackerman, Christopher Bergin, Dan Ross, Jesse Butler, Manish Suthar, Joshua Rittenberg. Cost-effectiveness of the X-STOP® Interspinous Spacer for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis. A Comparison with Conservative Care and Laminectomy. SPINE 2011, Volume 36, Number 5, pp E345–E356.

Kim DH, Shanti N, Tantorski ME, Shaw JD, Li L, Martha JF, Thomas AJ, Parazin SJ, Rencus TC, Kwon B. Association between degenerative spondylolisthesis and spinous process fracture after interspinous process spacer surgery. Spine J. 2012 Jun;12(6):466-72. Epub 2012 May 22.

Kondrashov DG, Hannibal M, Hsu KY, Zucherman JF. Interspinous Process Decompression With the X-STOP Device for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis. A 4-Year Follow-Up Study. J Spinal Disord Tech _ Volume 19, Number 5, July 2006

Miller LE, Block JE. Interspinous spacer implant in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis: preliminary results of a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. Pain Res Treat. 2012;2012:823509. Epub 2012 Feb 7.

Patel VV, Whang PG, Haley TR, Bradley WD, Nunley PD, Davis RP, Miller LE, Block JE, Geisler FH. Superion Interspinous Process Spacer for Intermittent NeurogenicClaudication Secondary to Moderate Lumbar Spinal Stenosis: Two-Year Results From a Randomized Controlled FDA-IDE Pivotal Trial. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2014 Dec 9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25494323

Patil S, Burton M, Storey C, Glenn C, Marino A, Nanda A. Evaluation of Interspinous Process Distraction Device (X-STOP) in a Representative Patient Cohort. World Neurosurg. 2012 Apr 5. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 22484765

van den Akker-van Marle ME, Moojen WA, Arts MP, Vleggeert-Lankamp CL, Peul WC; Leiden-The Hague Spine Intervention Prognostic Study Group (SIPS). Interspinous Process Devices versus Standard Conventional Surgical Decompression for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis: Cost Utility Analysis. Spine J. 2016 Jun;16(6):702-10. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2014.10.017. Epub 2014 Oct 23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25452018

Wouter A. Moojen, Mark P. Arts, Ronald H. M. A. Bartels , Wilco C. H. Jacobs , Wilco C. Peul.
Effectiveness of interspinous implant surgery in patients with intermittent neurogenic claudication: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Spine J (2011) 20:1596–1606

Zucherman JF , Hsu KY, Hartjen CA, Mehalic TF, Implicito DA, Martin MJ, Johnson DR II, Skidmore GA, Vessa PP, Dwyer JW, Puccio ST, Cauthen JC, Ozuna RM. A Multicenter, Prospective, Randomized Trial Evaluating the X STOP Interspinous Process Decompression System for the Treatment of Neurogenic Intermittent Claudication Two-Year Follow-Up Results. SPINE 2005.Volume 30, Number 12, pp 1351–1358

IDET e IRFT (Electrotermoterapia intradiscal y termocoagulación intradiscal por radiofrecuencia)

Barendse GA, van Den Berg SG, Kessels AH, Weber WE, van Kleef M (2001) Randomized controlled trial of percutaneous intradiscal radiofrequency thermocoagulation for chronic discogenic back pain: lack of effect from a 90-second 70 C lesion. Spine, 26(3): 287-92.

Biyani A, Andersson GB, Chaudhary H, An HS (2003) Intradiscal electrothermal therapy: a treatment option in patients with internal disc disruption. Spine, 28(15 Suppl): S8-14.

Bono CM, Iki K, Jalota A, Dawson K, Garfin SR (2004) Temperatures within the lumbar disc and endplates during intradiscal electrothermal therapy: formulation of a predictive temperature map in relation to distance from the catheter. Spine, 29(10): 1124-9; discussion 30-1.

Carragee EJ, Hannibal M (2004) Diagnostic evaluation of low back pain. Orthop Clin North Am, 35(1): 7-16.

Cohen SP, Larkin T, Abdi S, Chang A, Stojanovic M (2003) Risk factors for failure and complications of intradiscal electrothermal therapy: a pilot study. Spine, 28(11): 1142-7.

Davis TT, Delamarter RB, Sra P, Goldstein TB (2004) The IDET procedure for chronic discogenic low back pain. Spine, 29(7): 752-6.

Ercelen O, Bulutcu E, Oktenoglu T, Sasani M, Bozkus H, Cetin Saryoglu A, Ozer F (2003) Radiofrequency lesioning using two different time modalities for the treatment of lumbar discogenic pain: a randomized trial. Spine, 28(17): 1922-7.

Freeman BJ, Walters RM, Moore RJ, Fraser RD (2003a) Does intradiscal electrothermal therapy denervate and repair experimentally induced posterolateral annular tears in an animal model? Spine, 28(23): 2602-8.

Freeman BJC, Fraser RD, Cain CMJ, Hall DJ (2003b) A randomised, double-blind, controlled efficacy study: intradiscal electrotheraml therapy (IDET) versus placebo for the treatment of chronic discogendic low back pain. Eur Spine J, 12(Suppl 1): S23.

Karasek M, Bogduk N (2000) Twelve-month follow-up of a controlled trial of intradiscal thermal anuloplasty for back pain due to internal disc disruption. Spine, 25(20): 2601-7.

Kleinstueck FS, Diederich CJ, Nau WH, Puttlitz CM, Smith JA, Bradford DS, Lotz JC (2003) Temperature and thermal dose distributions during intradiscal electrothermal therapy in the cadaveric lumbar spine. Spine, 28(15): 1700-8; discussion 9.

Oh WS, Shim JC (2004) A randomized controlled trial of radiofrequency denervation of the ramus communicans nerve for chronic discogenic low back pain. Clin J Pain, 20(1): 55-60.

Pauza KJ, Howell S, Dreyfuss P, Peloza JH, Dawson K, Bogduk N (2004) A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of intradiscal electrothermal therapy for the treatment of discogenic low back pain. Spine J, 4(1): 27-35.

Saal JA, Saal JS (2002) Intradiscal electrothermal treatment for chronic discogenic low back pain: prospective outcome study with a minimum 2-year follow-up. Spine, 27(9): 966-73; discussion 73-4.

Urrutia G, Kovacs FM, Nishishinya B, Olabe J. Percutaneous thermocoagulation intradiscal techniques for discogenic low back pain. A systematic review. Spine 2007;32(10):1146–1154

Wetzel FT, McNally TA, Phillips FM (2002) Intradiscal electrothermal therapy used to manage chronic discogenic low back pain: new directions and interventions. Spine, 27(22): 2621-6

Estenosis espinal

Abdu WA, Lurie JD, Spratt KF, et al. Degenerative Spondylolisthesis. Does Fusion Method Influence Outcome? Four-Year Results of the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial. Spine 2009;34:2351–2360.

Abdu WA, Sacks OA, Tosteson ANA, Zhao W, Tosteson TD, Morgan TS, Pearson A Weinstein JN Lurie JD. Long-TermResults of SurgeryComparedWithNonoperativeTreatmentfor Lumbar DegenerativeSpondylolisthesis in theSpinePatientOutcomes Research Trial (SPORT). Spine (PhilaPa 1976). 2018 Dec 1;43(23):1619-1630. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000002682.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29652786

Deyo RA , Martin BI , Ching A,. Tosteson A, Jarvik JG , Kreuter W, Mirza SK Interspinous Spacers Compared With Decompression or Fusion for Lumbar Stenosis.Complications and Repeat Operations in the Medicare Population. Spine 2013,Volume 38, Number 10, 865–872.

Genevay S, Courvoisier DS, Konstantinou K, Kovacs FM, Marty M, Rainville J, Norberg M, Kaux JF, Cha TD, Katz JN1, Atlas SJ1.. Clinical classification criteria for neurogenic claudication caused by lumbar spinal stenosis. The N-CLASS criteria. Spine J 2018;18:941-947. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29031994

Kanno H, Endo T, Ozawa H, Koizumi Y, Morozumi N, Itoi E, Ishii Y. Axial Loading During Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients With Lumbar Spinal Canal Stenosis. Does It Reproduce the Positional Change of the Dural Sac Detected by Upright Myelography? .Spine 2012 ; 37 : E985 – E992.

Kobayashi, S. et al. Effect of lumbar nerve root compression on primary sensory neurons and their central branches: changes in the nociceptive neuropeptides substance P and somatostatin. Spine 2005;30:276–282.

Kobayashi, S. et al. Blood circulation of cauda equina and nerve root. Clin. Calcium 2005;15, 63–72.

Kovacs FM, Urrútia G, Alarcón JD. Surgery versus conservative treatment for symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Spine 2011;36:E1335–E1351

Knutsson B , Michaëlsson K , Sandén B. Obesity Is Associated With Inferior Results After Surgery for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis. A Study of 2633 Patients From the Swedish Spine Register. Spine 2013 ;38:435–441.

Minetama M, Kawakami M, Teraguchi M, Kagotani R, Mera Y, Sumiya T, Nakagawa M, Yamamoto Y, Matsuo S, Koike Y, Sakon N, Nakatani T, Kitano T, Nakagawa Y. Supervised physicaltherapy vs. home exercise for patients with lumbar spinal stenosis: a randomized controlled trial.Spine J. 2019 Aug;19(8):1310-1318. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2019.04.009. Epub 2019 Apr 12.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30986577

Mirza SK, Deyo RA, Heagerty PJ, et al. Development of an index to characterize the “invasiveness” of spine surgery: validation by comparison to blood loss and operative time. Spine 2008; 33(24):2651-2661.

Porter, R. W. Spinal stenosis and neurogenic claudication. Spine 1996;21, 2046–2052.

Schepper EIT , Overdevest GM , Suri P , Peul WC, Oei EHG, Koes BW , Bierma-Zeinstra SMA , Luijsterburg PAJ . Diagnosis of Lumbar Spinal Stenosis An Updated Systematic Review of the Accuracy of Diagnostic Tests . Spine 2013 ;38:E469–E481

Strömqvist BH1, Berg S, Gerdhem P, Johnsson R, Möller A, Sahlstrand T, Soliman A, Tullberg T.Xstop versus decompressive surgery for lumbar neurogenic intermittentclaudication: randomized controlled trial with 2-year follow-up. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2013 Aug 1;38(17):1436-42

Takahashi, K. et al. Changes in epidural pressure during walking in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. Spine 1995;20, 2746–2749.

Yang S, Werner BC, Cancienne JM, Hassanzadeh H, Shimer AL, Shen FH, Singla A. Preoperative epidural injections are associated with increased risk of infection after single-level lumbar decompression. Spine J. 2016 Feb;16(2):191-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26235469

9.Cirugia y Unidad del dolor

Electroestimulación medular

Burchiel KJ, Anderson VC, Brown FD, Fessler RG, Friedman WA, Pelofsky S, Weiner RL, Oakley J, Shatin D (1996) Prospective, multicenter study of spinal cord stimulation for relief of chronic back and extremity pain. Spine, 21(23): 2786-94.

Dario A, Fortini G, Bertollo D, Bacuzzi A, Grizzeti C, Cuffari S (2001) Treatment of failed back surgery syndrome. Neuromodulation, 19: 1201-6.

Kumar K, Malik S, Demeria D (2002) Treatment of chronic pain with spinal cord stimulation versus alternative therapies: cost-effectiveness analysis. Neurosurgery, 51(1): 106-15; discussion 15-6.

North RB, Kidd DH, Piantadosi S (1995) Spinal cord stimulation versus reoperation for failed back surgery syndrome: a prospective, randomized study design. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien), 64: 106-8.

Ohnmeiss DD, Rashbaum RF, Bogdanffy GM (1996) Prospective outcome evaluation of spinal cord stimulation in patients with intractable leg pain. Spine, 21(11): 1344-50; discussion 51.

Turner JA, Loeser JD, Deyo RA, Sanders SB (2004) Spinal cord stimulation for patients with failed back surgery syndrome or complex regional pain syndrome: a systematic review of effectiveness and complications. Pain, 108(1-2): 137-47

Lesión del ganglio dorsal por radiofrecuencia

Geurts JW, van Wijk RM, Wynne HJ, Hammink E, Buskens E, Lousberg R, Knape JT, Groen GJ (2003) Radiofrequency lesioning of dorsal root ganglia for chronic lumbosacral radicular pain: a randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Lancet, 361(9351): 21-6

10. Manipulaciones vertebrales

Abenhaim L, Bergeron AM (1992) Twenty years of randomized clinical trials of manipulative therapy for back pain: a review. Clin Invest Med, 15(6): 527-35.

Anderson R, Meeker WC, Wirick BE, Mootz RD, Kirk DH, Adams A (1992) A meta-analysis of clinical trials of spinal manipulation. J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 15(3): 181-94.

Andersson GB, Lucente T, Davis AM, Kappler RE, Lipton JA, Leurgans S (1999) A comparison of osteopathic spinal manipulation with standard care for patients with low back pain. N Engl J Med, 341(1426-1431).

Assendelft WJ, Koes BW, van der Heijden GJ, Bouter LM (1992) The efficacy of chiropractic manipulation for back pain: blinded review of relevant randomized clinical trials. J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 15(8): 487-94.

Assendelft WJ, Koes BW, van der Heijden GJ, Bouter LM (1996) The effectiveness of chiropractic for treatment of low back pain: an update and attempt at statistical pooling. J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 19(8): 499-507.

Assendelft WJ, Lankhorst GJ (1998) [Effectiveness of manipulative therapy in low back pain: systematic literature reviews and guidelines are inconclusive]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd, 142(13): 684-7.

Assendelft WJ, Morton SC, Yu EI, Suttorp MJ, Shekelle PG (2003) Spinal manipulative therapy for low back pain. A meta-analysis of effectiveness relative to other therapies. Ann Intern Med, 138(11): 871-81.

Assendelft WJ, Morton SC, Yu EI, Suttorp MJ, Shekelle PG (2004) Spinal manipulative therapy for low-back pain (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.: Chichester, UK.

Assendelft WJJ, Morton SC, Yu Emily I, Suttorp MJ, Shekelle PG. Tratamiento de manipulación espinal para el dolor lumbar.(Revisión Cochrane traducida). En: La Biblioteca Cochrane Plus, 2007 Número 4.

Bakken AG, Eklund A, Warnqvist A, O'Neill S, Axén I. The effect of two weeks of spinal manipulative therapy and home stretching exercises on pain and disability in patients with persistent or recurrent neck pain; a randomized controlled trial. BMC MusculoskeletDisord. 2021 Oct 27;22(1):903. doi: 10.1186/s12891-021-04772-x. PMID: 34706706; PMCID: PMC8549416

Bronfort G (1999) Spinal manipulation: current state of research and its indications. Neurol Clin, 17(1): 91-111.

Brox JI, Hagen KB, Juel NG, Storheim K (1999) [Is exercise therapy and manipulation effective in low back pain?]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen, 119(14): 2042-50.

Cassidy JD, Thiel HW, Kirkaldy-Willis WH (1993) Side posture manipulation for lumbar intervertebral disk herniation. J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 16(2): 96-103.

Cherkin DC, Sherman KJ, Deyo RA, Shekelle PG (2003) A review of the evidence for the effectiveness, safety, and cost of acupuncture, massage therapy, and spinal manipulation for back pain. Ann Intern Med, 138(11): 898-906.

Chiradejnant A, Maher CG, Latimer J, Stepkovitch N (2003) Efficacy of "therapist-selected" versus "randomly selected" mobilisation techniques for the treatment of low back pain: a randomised controlled trial. Aust J Physiother, 49(4): 233-41.

Cooperstein R, Perle SM, Gatterman MI, Lantz C, Schneider MJ (2001) Chiropractic technique procedures for specific low back conditions: characterizing the literature. J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 24(6): 407-24.

Donelson R, Grant , Kamps C, et al. Pain response to sagital end-range spinal motion. A prospective, randomised, multientered trial. Spine 1991;16:5206-5212.

Ernst E (2001) Prospective investigations into the safety of spinal manipulation. J Pain Symptom Manage, 21(3): 238-42.

Ernst E, Harkness E (2001) Spinal manipulation: a systematic review of sham-controlled, double-blind, randomized clinical trials. J Pain Symptom Manage, 22(4): 879-89.

Evans DP, Burch MS, K.N. L, Roberts EE, Roberts GM (1978) Lumbar spinal manipulation on trial. Part 1: Clinical assessment. Rheumatol Rehabil, 17: 46-53.

Ferreira ML, Ferreira PH, Latimer J, Herbert R, Maher CG (2002) Does spinal manipulative therapy help people with chronic low back pain? Aust J Physiother, 48(4): 277-84.

Gatterman MI, Cooperstein R, Lantz C, Perle SM, Schneider MJ (2001) Rating specific chiropractic technique procedures for common low back conditions. J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 24(7): 449-56.

Gibson T, Grahame R, Harkness J, Woo P, Blagrave P, Hills R (1985) Controlled comparison of short-wave diathermy treatment with osteopathic treatment in non-specific low back pain. Lancet, 1(8440): 1258-61.

Gross AR, Hoving JL, Haines TA, Goldsmith CH, Kay T, Aker P, Bronfort G, Cervical overview group. Movilización activa y pasiva para trastornos mecánicos de cuello (Revisión Cochrane traducida). En: La Biblioteca Cochrane Plus, 2007 Número 4.

Harvey E, Burton AK, Klaber Moffett J, Breen A (2003) Spinal manipulation for low back pain: a treatment package agreed by the UK chiropractic, osteopathy and physiotherapy professional associations. Manual Therapy, 8: 46-51.

Hemmila HM, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi SM, Levoska S, Puska P (1997) Does folk medicine work? A randomized clinical trial on patients with prolonged back pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 78(6): 571-7.

Herzog W, Conway PJW, Wilcox BJ (1991) Effects of different treatment modalities on gait symmetry and clinical measures for sacroiliac joint patients. J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 14: 104-9.

Hurwitz EL, Morgenstern H, Harber P, Kominski GF, Belin TR, Yu F, Adams AH (2002) A randomized trial of medical care with and without physical therapy and chiropractic care with and without physical modalities for patients with low back pain: 6-month follow-up outcomes from the UCLA low back pain study. Spine, 27(20): 2193-204.

Koes BW, Assendelft WJ, van der Heijden GJ, Bouter LM, Knipschild PG (1991) Spinal manipulation and mobilisation for back and neck pain: a blinded review. BMJ, 303(6813): 1298-303.

Koes B, Bouter L, H vM, Essers A, Verstegen G, Hofhuizen D, Houben J, Knipschild P (1992) The effectiveness of manual therapy, physiotherapy, and treatment by the general practitioner for nonspecific back and neck complaints: A randomized clinical tria. Spine, 17(1): 28-35.

Koes BW, Assendelft WJ, van der Heijden GJ, Bouter LM (1996) Spinal manipulation for low back pain. An updated systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Spine, 21(24): 2860-71; discussion 72-3.

Kovacs FM, Lazaro P, Muriel A, Abraira V, Zamora J, Fernandez C et al. Does
the UK BEAM trial really support the use of manipulation? URL:
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Leboeuf-Yde C, Hennius B, Rudberg E, Leufvenmark P, Thunman M (1997) Side effects of chiropractic treatment: a prospective study. J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 20(8): 511-5.

Licciardone JC, Stoll ST, Fulda KG, Russo DP, Siu J, Winn W, Swift J, Jr. (2003) Osteopathic manipulative treatment for chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Spine, 28(13): 1355-62.

Niemisto L, Lahtinen-Suopanki T, Rissanen P, Lindgren K-A, Sarna S, Hurri H (2003) A randomized trial of combined manipulation, stabilising exercises, and physician consultation compared to physician consultation alone for chronic low back pain. Spine, 28(19): 2185-91.

Ongley MJ, Klein RG, Dorman TA, Eek BC, Hubert LJ (1987) A new approach to the treatment of chronic low back pain. Lancet, 2(8551): 143-6.

Ottenbacher K, DiFabio RP (1985) Efficacy of spinal manipulation/mobilization therapy. A meta-analysis. Spine, 10(9): 833-7.

Pope MH, Phillips RB, Haugh LD, Hsieh CY, MacDonald L, Haldeman S (1994) A prospective randomized three-week trial of spinal manipulation, transcutaneous muscle stimulation, massage and corset in the treatment of subacute low back pain. Spine, 19(22): 2571-7.

Postacchini F, Facchini M, Palieri P (1988) Efficacy of various forms of conservative treatment in low back pain: a comparative study. Neurol Orthop, 6: 113-6.

Pustaver MR (1994) Mechanical low back pain: etiology and conservative management. J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 17(6): 376-84.

Rasmussen-Barr E, Nilsson-Wikmar L, Arvidsson I (2003) Stabilizing training compared with manual treatment in sub-acute and chronic low-back pain. Man Ther, 8(4): 233-41.

Rubinstein SM, van Middelkoop M, Assendelft WJJ, de Boer MR, van Tulder MW. Spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low-back pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 2

Rubinstein SM, Terwee CB, Assendelft WJJ, Boer MR, van Tulder M. Spinal Manipulative Therapy for Acute Low Back Pain . An Update of the Cochrane Review. Spine 2013 ; 38 : E158 – E177.

Shekelle PG, Adams AH, Chassin MR, Hurwitz EL, Brook RH (1992) Spinal manipulation for low-back pain. Ann Intern Med, 117(7): 590-8.

Shekelle PG, Coulter I, Hurwitz EL, Genovese B, Adams AH, Mior SA, Brook RH (1998) Congruence between decisions to initiate chiropractic spinal manipulation for low back pain and appropriateness criteria in North America. Ann Intern Med, 129(1): 9-17.

Skargren E, Oberg B, Carlsson P, Gade M (1997) Cost and Effectiveness Analysis of Chiropractic and Physiotherapy Treatment for Low Back and Neck Pain. Six-Month Follow-Up. Spine, 22(18): 2167-77.

Stevinson C, Ernst E (2002) Risks associated with spinal manipulation. Am J Med, 112(7): 566-71.

Timm KE (1994) A randomized-control study of active and passive treatments for chronic low back pain following L5 laminectomy. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 20(6): 276-86.

Triano JJ, McGregor M, Hondras MA, Brennan PC (1995) Manipulative therapy versus education programs in chronic low back pain. Spine, 20(8): 948-55.

UK BEAM trial team. Brealey S, Coulton S, Farrin A, Morton V, Torgerson D, Burton AK, Garratt A, Harvey E, Letley L, Martin J, Vickers M, Whyte K, Manca A, Klaber Moffett J, Russell I, Underwood M, Williams M (2004a) UK Back pain Exercise And Manipulation (UK BEAM) randomised trial: Cost-effectiveness of physical treatments for back pain in primary care. British Medical Journal, In Press. (2004, Nov 29; [Epub ahead of print]) BMJ, doi:10.1136/bmj.38282.607859.AE (published 29 November 2004)

van Tulder MW, Assendelft WJ, Koes BW, Bouter LM (1997) Method guidelines for systematic reviews in the Cochrane Collaboration Back Review Group for Spinal Disorders. Spine, 22(20): 2323-30.

Waagen GN, Haldeman S, Cook G, Lopez D, DeBoer KF (1986) Short term trial of chiropractic adjustments for the relief of chronic low back pain. Manual Med, 2: 63-7.

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11. Tratamiento psicológico

Altmaier EM, Lehmann TR, Russell DW, Weinstein JN, Kao CF (1992) The effectiveness of psychological interventions for the rehabilitation of low back pain: a randomized controlled trial evaluation. Pain, 49(3): 329-35.

Basler HD, Jakle C, Kroner-Herwig B (1997) Incorporation of cognitive-behavioral treatment into the medical care of chronic low back patients: a controlled randomized study in German pain treatment centers. Patient Educ Couns, 31(2): 113-24.

Bru E, Mykletun R, Berge W, Svebak S (1994) Effects of different psychological interventions on neck, shoulder and low back pain in female hospital staff. Psychology and Health, 9: 371-82.

Day MA, Ciol MA, Mendoza ME, Borckardt J, Ehde DM, Newman AK, Chan JF, Drever SA, Friedly JL, Burns J, Thorn BE, Jensen MP. The effects of telehealth-delivered mindfulness meditation, cognitive therapy, and behavioral activation for chronic low back pain: a randomized clinical trial. BMC Med 2024 Apr 12;22(1):156.doi: 10.1186/s12916-024-03383-2.

Fordyce WE (1976) Behavioural methods for chronic pain and illness. Mosby. St. Louis.

Garcia LM, Birckhead BJ, Krishnamurthy P, Sackman J, Mackey IG, Louis RG, Salmasi V, Maddox T, Darnall BD. An 8-Week Self-Administered At-Home Behavioral Skills-Based Virtual Reality Program for Chronic Low Back Pain: Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial Conducted During COVID-19. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Feb 22;23(2):e26292. doi: 10.2196/26292. PMID: 33484240; PMCID: PMC7939946.

Goossens ME, Rutten-Van Molken MP, Kole-Snijders AM, Vlaeyen JW, Van Breukelen G, Leidl R (1998) Health economic assessment of behavioural rehabilitation in chronic low back pain: a randomised clinical trial. Health Econ, 7(1): 39-51.

Haldorsen EH, Wormgoor MEA, Bjorholt PG, Ursin H (1998) Predictors for outcome of a functional restoration program for low back patients: A 12 months follow-up study. Eur J Phys Med Rehabil, 8: 103-9.

Henschke N, Ostelo RWJG, van Tulder MW, Vlaeyen JWS, Morley S, Assendelft WJJ, Main CJ. Behavioural treatment for chronic low-back pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 7.

Ho EK, Chen L, Simic M, Ashton-James CE, Comachio J, Wang DXM, Hayden JA, Ferreira ML, Ferreira PH. Psychological interventions for chronic, non-specific low back pain: systematic review with network meta-analysis. BMJ. 2022 Mar 30;376:e067718. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2021-067718. PMID: 35354560; PMCID: PMC8965745.

Jensen IB, Bodin L, Ljungqvist T, Gunnar Bergstrom K, Nygren A (2000) Assessing the needs of patients in pain: a matter of opinion? Spine, 25(21): 2816-23.

Kalauokalani D, Cherkin DC, Sherman KJ, Koepsell TD, Deyo RA (2001) Lessons from a trial of acupuncture and massage for low back pain: patient expectations and treatment effects. Spine, 26(13): 1418-24.

Karjalainen K, Malmivaara A, van Tulder M, Roine R, Jauhiainen M, Hurri H, Koes B. Rehabilitación biopsicosocial multidisciplinaria para el dolor lumbar subagudo en adultos en edad activa. (Revisión Cochrane traducida). En: La Biblioteca Cochrane Plus, 2007 Número 4

Kerns RD, Rosenberg R, Jamison RN, Caudill MA, Haythornthwaite J (1997) Readiness to adopt a self-management approach to chronic pain: the Pain Stages of Change Questionnaire (PSOCQ). Pain, 72(1-2): 227-34.

Kole-Snijders AM, Vlaeyen JW, Goossens ME, Rutten-van Molken MP, Heuts PH, van Breukelen G, van Eek H (1999) Chronic low-back pain: what does cognitive coping skills training add to operant behavioral treatment? Results of a randomized clinical trial. J Consult Clin Psychol, 67(6): 931-44.

Linton SJ, Vlaeyen J, Ostelo R (2002) The back pain beliefs of health care providers: are we fear-avoidant? J Occup Rehabil, 12(4): 223-32.

Morley S, Eccleston C, Williams A (1999) Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of cognitive behaviour therapy and behaviour therapy for chronic pain in adults, excluding headache. Pain, 80(1-2): 1-13.

Newton-John TR, Spence SH, Schotte D (1995) Cognitive-behavioural therapy versus EMG biofeedback in the treatment of chronic low back pain. Behav Res Ther, 33(6): 691-7.

Nicholas MK, Wilson PH, Goyen J (1991) Operant-behavioural and cognitive-behavioural treatment for chronic low back pain. Behav Res Ther, 29(3): 225-38.

Nicholas MK, Wilson PH, Goyen J (1992) Comparison of cognitive-behavioral group treatment and an alternative non-psychological treatment for chronic low back pain. Pain, 48(3): 339-47.

Nouwen A (1983) EMG biofeedback used to reduce standing levels of paraspinal muscle tension in chronic low back pain. Pain, 17(4): 353-60.

Ostelo RWJG, de Vet HC, Vlaeyen J, Kerkhoffs MR, Berfelo WM, Wolters PMJC, van den Brandt PA (2003) Behavioral graded activity following first-time lumbar disc surgery. 1-year results of a randomized clinical trial. Spine, 28: 1757-65.

Rainville J, Carlson N, Polatin P, Gatchel RJ, Indahl A (2000) Exploration of physicians' recommendations for activities in chronic low back pain. Spine, 25(17): 2210-20.

Skinner BF (1953) Science and Human Behaviour. New York: The Macmillan Co.

Spinhoven P, Ter Kuile M, Kole-Snijders AM, Hutten Mansfeld M, Den Ouden DJ, Vlaeyen JW (2004) Catastrophizing and internal pain control as mediators of outcome in the multidisciplinary treatment of chronic low back pain. Eur J Pain, 8(3): 211-9.

Staal JB (2003) Low back pain, graded activity and return to work. PhD Thesis, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Staal JB, Hlobil H, Twisk JW, Smid T, Koke AJ, van Mechelen W (2004) Graded activity for low back pain in occupational health care: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med, 140(2): 77-84.

Strong J (1998) Incorporating cognitive-behavioural therapy with occupational therapy: a comparative study with patients with low back pain. J Occup Rehabil, 8: 61-71.

Stuckey SJ, Jacobs A, Goldfarb J (1986) EMG biofeedback training, relaxation training, and placebo for the relief of chronic back pain. Percept Mot Skills, 63(3): 1023-36.

Turk DC, Flor H (1984) Etiological theories and treatments for chronic back pain. II. Psychological models and interventions. Pain, 19(3): 209-33.

Turk DC, Okifuji A, Sinclair JD, Starz TW (1998) Differential responses by psychosocial subgroups of fibromyalgia syndrome patients to an interdisciplinary treatment. Arthritis Care Res, 11(5): 397-404.

Turner JA (1982) Comparison of group progressive-relaxation training and cognitive-behavioral group therapy for chronic low back pain. J Consult Clin Psychol, 50(5): 757-65.

Turner JA (1996) Educational and behavioral interventions for back pain in primary care. Spine, 21(24): 2851-7; discussion 8-9.

Turner JA, Clancy S (1988) Comparison of operant behavioral and cognitive-behavioral group treatment for chronic low back pain. J Consult Clin Psychol, 56(2): 261-6.

Turner JA, Clancy S, McQuade KJ, Cardenas DD (1990) Effectiveness of behavioral therapy for chronic low back pain: a component analysis. J Consult Clin Psychol, 58(5): 573-9.

Turner JA, Jensen MP (1993) Efficacy of cognitive therapy for chronic low back pain. Pain, 52(2): 169-77.

van den Hout JH, Vlaeyen JW, Heuts PH, Zijlema JH, Wijnen JA (2003) Secondary prevention of work-related disability in nonspecific low back pain: does problem-solving therapy help? A randomized clinical trial. Clin J Pain, 19(2): 87-96.

van Tulder MW, Ostelo R, Vlaeyen JW, Linton SJ, Morley SJ, Assendelft WJ (2000) Behavioral treatment for chronic low back pain: a systematic review within the framework of the Cochrane Back Review Group. Spine, 25(20): 2688-99.

van Tulder MW, Ostelo RW, Vlaeyen JW, Linton SJ, Morley SJ, Assendelft WJ (2004) Behavioural treatment for chronic low back pain (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: Chichester, UK.

Vlaeyen JW, Kole-Snijders AM, Boeren RG, van Eek H (1995) Fear of movement/(re)injury in chronic low back pain and its relation to behavioral performance. Pain, 62(3): 363-72.

Vlaeyen JW, Linton SJ (2000) Fear-avoidance and its consequences in chronic musculoskeletal pain: a state of the art. Pain, 85(3): 317-32.

12. Programas multidisciplinarios de rehabilitación

Alaranta H, Rytokoski U, Rissanen A, Talo S, Ronnemaa T, Puukka P, Karppi SL, Videman T, Kallio V, Slatis P (1994) Intensive physical and psychosocial training program for patients with chronic low back pain. A controlled clinical trial. Spine, 19(12): 1339-49.

Bendix AF, Bendix T, Vaegter K, Lund C, Frolund L, Holm L (1996) Multidisciplinary intensive treatment for chronic low back pain: a randomized, prospective study. Cleve Clin J Med, 63(1): 62-9.

Bendix AF, Bendix T, Lund C, Kirkbak S, Ostenfeld S (1997) Comparison of three intensive programs for chronic low back pain patients: a prospective, randomized, observer-blinded study with one-year follow-up. Scand J Rehabil Med, 29(2): 81-9.

Bendix AE, Bendix T, Haestrup C, Busch E (1998a) A prospective, randomized 5-year follow-up study of functional restoration in chronic low back pain patients. Eur Spine J, 7(2): 111-9.

Bendix AF, Bendix T, Labriola M, Boekgaard P (1998b) Functional restoration for chronic low back pain. Two-year follow-up of two randomized clinical trials. Spine, 23(6): 717-25.

Corey DT, Koepfler LE, Etlin D, Day HI (1996) A limited functional restoration program for injured workers: a randomised trial. J Occup Rehabil, 6: 239-49.

Di Fabio RP (1995) Efficacy of comprehensive rehabilitation programs and back school for patients with low back pain: a meta-analysis. Phys Ther, 75(10): 865-78.

Fordyce WE, Fowler RS, Jr., Lehmann JF, Delateur BJ, Sand PL, Trieschmann RB (1973) Operant conditioning in the treatment of chronic pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 54(9): 399-408.

Guzman J, Esmail R, Karjalainen K, Malmivaara A, Irvin E, Bombardier C (2001) Multidisciplinary rehabilitation for chronic low back pain: systematic review. BMJ, 322(7301): 1511-6.

Haldorsen EM, Kronholm K, Skouen JS, Ursin H (1998) Multimodal cognitive behavioral treatment of patients sicklisted for musculoskeletal pain: a randomized controlled study. Scand J Rheumatol, 27(1): 16-25.

Haldorsen EM, Grasdal AL, Skouen JS, Risa AE, Kronholm K, Ursin H (2002) Is there a right treatment for a particular patient group? Comparison of ordinary treatment, light multidisciplinary treatment, and extensive multidisciplinary treatment for long-term sick-listed employees with musculoskeletal pain. Pain, 95(1-2): 49-63.

Jackel WH, Cziske R, Gerdes N, Jacobi E (1990) [Assessment of the effectiveness of inpatient rehabilitation measures in patients with chronic low back pain: a prospective, randomized, controlled study]. Rehabilitation (Stuttg), 29(2): 129-33.

Keel PJ, Wittig R, Deutschmann R, Diethelm U, Knusel O, Loschmann C, Matathia R, Rudolf T, Spring H (1998) Effectiveness of in-patient rehabilitation for sub-chronic and chronic low back pain by an integrative group treatment program (Swiss Multicentre Study). Scand J Rehabil Med, 30(4): 211-9.

Keller S, Ehrhardt-Schmelzer S, Herda C, Schmid S, Basler HD (1997) Multidisciplinary rehabilitation for chronic back pain in an outpatient setting: a controlled randomized trial. Eur J Pain, 1(4): 279-92.

Lukinmaa A (1989) Low back pain as a biopsychosocial problem. A controlled clinical trial and a cost-effectiveness analysis. Kansanelakelaittoksen julkaissuja, ML 90.

Mitchell RI, Carmen GM (1994) The functional restoration approach to the treatment of chronic pain in patients with soft tissue and back injuries. Spine, 19(6): 633-42.

Nicholas MK, Wilson PH, Goyen J (1991) Operant-behavioural and cognitive-behavioural treatment for chronic low back pain. Behav Res Ther, 29(3): 225-38.

Nicholas MK, Wilson PH, Goyen J (1992) Comparison of cognitive-behavioral group treatment and an alternative non-psychological treatment for chronic low back pain. Pain, 48(3): 339-47.

Rose MJ, Reilly JP, Pennie B, Bowen-Jones K, Stanley IM, Slade PD (1997) Chronic low back pain rehabilitation programs: a study of the optimum duration of treatment and a comparison of group and individual therapy. Spine, 22(19): 2246-51; discussion 52-3.

Scheer SJ, Watanabe TK, Radack KL (1997) Randomized controlled trials in industrial low back pain. Part 3. Subacute/chronic pain interventions. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 78(4): 414-23.

Schonstein E, Kenny D, Keating J, Koes B, Herbert RD (2003) Physical conditioning programs for workers with back and neck pain: a cochrane systematic review. Spine, 28(19): E391-5.

Skouen JS, Grasdal AL, Haldorsen EM, Ursin H (2002) Relative cost-effectiveness of extensive and light multidisciplinary treatment programs versus treatment as usual for patients with chronic low back pain on long-term sick leave: randomized controlled study. Spine, 27(9): 901-9; discussion 9-10.

Staal JB, Hlobil H, van Tulder MW, Koke AJ, Smid T, van Mechelen W (2002) Return-to-work interventions for low back pain: a descriptive review of contents and concepts of working mechanisms. Sports Med, 32(4): 251-67.

Teasell RW, Harth M (1996) Functional restoration. Returning patients with chronic low back pain to work--revolution or fad? Spine, 21(7): 844-7.

Turner JA, Clancy S, McQuade KJ, Cardenas DD (1990) Effectiveness of behavioral therapy for chronic low back pain: a component analysis. J Consult Clin Psychol, 58(5): 573-9.

Vlaeyen JW, Linton SJ (2000) Fear-avoidance and its consequences in chronic musculoskeletal pain: a state of the art. Pain, 85(3): 317-32

13. Infiltraciones epidurales

Abram SE, O'Connor TC (1996) Complications associated with epidural steroid injections. Reg Anesth, 21(2): 149-62.

Benoist M, Boulu P, Hayem G. Epidural steroid injections in the management of low-back pain with radiculopathy: an update of their efficacy and safety. Eur Spine J. 2012 Feb;21(2):204-13. Epub 2011 Sep 16.

Cannon DT, Aprill CN (2000) Lumbosacral epidural steroid injections. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 81(3 Suppl 1): S87-98; quiz S9-100.

Carette S, Leclaire R, Marcoux S, Morin F, Blaise GA, St-Pierre A, Truchon R, Parent F, Levesque J, Bergeron V, Montminy P, Blanchette C (1997) Epidural corticosteroid injections for sciatica due to herniated nucleus pulposus. N Engl J Med, 336(23): 1634-40.

Cohen SP, Hayek S, Semenov Y, et al. Epidural steroid injections, conservative treatment, or combination treatment for cervical radicular pain: a multicenter, randomized, comparative-effectiveness study. Anesthesiology 2014 Nov;121(5):1045-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25335172

Devoize JL, Fuzeau C, Pin JC, Bonnefoy M (1993) [Chemical meningitis after intradural injection of corticosteroids. Recovery without antibiotics]. Presse Med, 22(18): 879.

Devulder J, Deene P, De Laat M, Van Bastelaere M, Brusselmans G, Rolly G (1999) Nerve root sleeve injections in patients with failed back surgery syndrome: a comparison of three solutions. Clin J Pain, 15(2): 132-5.

Heavner JE, Racz GB, Raj P (1999) Percutaneous epidural neuroplasty: prospective evaluation of 0.9% NaCl versus 10% NaCl with or without hyaluronidase. Reg Anesth Pain Med, 24(3): 202-7.

Karppinen J, Malmivaara A, Kurunlahti M, Kyllonen E, Pienimaki T, Nieminen P, Ohinmaa A, Tervonen O, Vanharanta H (2001a) Periradicular infiltration for sciatica: a randomized controlled trial. Spine, 26(9): 1059-67.

Karppinen J, Ohinmaa A, Malmivaara A, Kurunlahti M, Kyllonen E, Pienimaki T, Nieminen P, Tervonen O, Vanharanta H (2001b) Cost effectiveness of periradicular infiltration for sciatica: subgroup analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Spine, 26(23): 2587-95.

Kleimeyer JP, Koltsov JCB, Smuck MW, Wood KB, Cheng I, Hu SS. Cervical epidural steroid injections: incidence and determinants of subsequent surgery. Spine J. 2020 Nov;20(11):1729-1736. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2020.06.012. Epub 2020 Jun 19. PMID: 32565316.

Koes BW, Scholten RJ, Mens JM, Bouter LM (1995) Efficacy of epidural steroid injections for low-back pain and sciatica: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Pain, 63(3): 279-88.

Koes BW, Scholten RJPM, Mens JMA, Bouter LM (1999) Epidural Steroid Injections for low back and sciatica: an updated systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Pain Digest, 9: 241-7.

Kraemer J, Ludwig J, Bickert U, Owczarek V, Traupe M (1997) Lumbar epidural perineural injection: a new technique. Eur Spine J, 6(5): 357-61.

Lee SH, Kim KT, Kim DH, Lee BJ, Son ES, MD , Kwack YJ. Clinical Outcomes of Cervical Radiculopathy Following Epidural Steroid Injection. A Prospective Study With Follow-up for More Than 2 Years. Spine 2012 ; 37 : 1041 – 1047.

Lutze M, Stendel R, Vesper J, Brock M (1997) Periradicular therapy in lumbar radicular syndromes: methodology and results. Acta Neurochir (Wien), 139(8): 719-24.

Makkar JK, Kumar B, Jain K, Dhutt SS, Batra YK, Singh PM. Effect of Different Volumes on Pain Relief in Patient Receiving Fluoroscopic Guided Interlaminar Lumbar Epidural Steroid Injection.Pain Physician. 2018 May;21(3):243-250. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29871368

McQuay HJ, Moore RA, Eccleston C, Morley S, Williams AC (1997) Systematic review of outpatient services for chronic pain control. Health Technol Assess, 1(6): i-iv, 1-135.

Ter Meulen BC, Maas ET, van derVegt R, Haumann J, Weinstein HC, Ostelo RWJG, van, Dongen JM. Cost-effectiveness of Transforaminal epidural steroid injections for patients with ACUTE sciatica: a randomized controlled trial.BMC MusculoskeletDisord. 2024 Apr 1;25(1):247. doi: 10.1186/s12891-024-07366-5.

Ter Meulen BC, van Dongen JM, Maas E, van de Vegt MH, Haumann J, Weinstein HC, Ostelo REffect of Transforaminal Epidural Corticosteroid Injections in Acute Sciatica: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Clin J Pain. 2023 Dec 1;39(12):654-662. doi: 10.1097/AJP.0000000000001155.

Nelemans PJ, de Bie RA, de Vet HC, Sturmans F (2004) Injection therapy for subacute and chronic benign low back pain. In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: Chichester, UK.

Ohtori S , Miyagi M , Eguchi Y , Inoue G , Orita S, Ochiai N, Kishida S , Kuniyoshi K , Nakamura J, Aoki Y, Ishikawa T, Arai G , Kamoda H, Suzuki M , Takaso M , Furuya T, Toyone T, Takahashi K. Epidural Administration of Spinal Nerves With the Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Inhibitor, Etanercept, Compared With Dexamethasone for Treatment of Sciatica in Patients With Lumbar Spinal Stenosis. A Prospective Randomized Study. Spine 2012 ; 37 : 439 – 444

Riew KD, Yin Y, Gilula L, Bridwell KH, Lenke LG, Lauryssen C, Goette K (2000) The effect of nerve-root injections on the need for operative treatment of lumbar radicular pain. A prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 82-A(11): 1589-93.

Rozenberg S (1998) Glucocorticoid therapy in common lumbar spinal disorders. Rev Rhum Engl Ed, 65(11): 649-55

Van Tulder MW, Koes BW, Bouter LM. Conservative treatment of acute and chronic nonspecific low back pain: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials of the most common interventions. Spine 1997; 22: 2128-56.

14. Infiltraciones facetarias de anestésicos o corticoides

Carette S, Marcoux S, Truchon R, Grondin C, Gagnon J, Allard Y, Latulippe M (1991) A controlled trial of corticosteroid injections into facet joints for chronic low back pain. N Engl J Med, 325(14): 1002-7.

Dreyfuss PH, Dreyer SJ, Herring SA (1995) Lumbar zygapophysial (facet) joint injections. Spine, 20(18): 2040-7.

Levy J, Gaudin P, Pieyre C, al. e (1993) Arthrites septique articulaires posterieures lombaires. In Pathologie iatrogene du rachis., L. Siomon, M. Revel and C. Herisson, Editors. Masson: Paris. 58-68.

Lilius G, Laasonen EM, Myllynen P, Harilainen A, Gronlund G (1989) Lumbar facet joint syndrome. A randomised clinical trial. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 71(4): 681-4.

Manchikanti L (1999) Facet Joint Pain and the Role of Neural Blockade in Its Management. Curr Rev Pain, 3(5): 348-58.

Marks RC, Houston T, Thulbourne T (1992) Facet joint injection and facet nerve block: a randomised comparison in 86 patients with chronic low back pain. Pain, 49(3): 325-8.

Nelemans PJ, de Bie RA, de Vet HC, Sturmans F (2000) Injection therapy for subacute and chronic benign low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, (2): CD001824.

15. Infiltraciones en puntos gatillo

Collee G, Dijkmans BA, Vandenbroucke JP, Cats A (1991) Iliac crest pain syndrome in low back pain. A double blind, randomized study of local injection therapy. J Rheumatol, 18(7): 1060-3.

Frost FA, Jessen B, Siggaard-Andersen J (1980) A control, double-blind comparison of mepivacaine injection versus saline injection for myofascial pain. Lancet, 1(8167): 499-500.

Garvey TA, Marks MR, Wiesel SW (1989) A prospective, randomized, double-blind evaluation of trigger-point injection therapy for low-back pain. Spine, 14(9): 962-4.

Hameroff SR, Crago BR, Blitt CD, Womble J, Kanel J (1981) Comparison of bupivacaine, etidocaine, and saline for trigger-point therapy. Anesth Analg, 60(10): 752-5.

Lou L, Racz GB (1998) Examinations of trigger points that produce myofascial pain syndrome. Pain Digest, 8: 364-75.

Nelemans PJ, de Bie RA, de Vet HC, Sturmans F (2000) Injection therapy for subacute and chronic benign low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, (2): CD001824.

16. Infiltraciones intradiscales (Discografía)

Kallewaard JW, Wintraecken VM, Geurts JW, Willems PC, van Santbrink H, Terwiel CTM, van Kleef M, van Kuijk SMJ. A multicenter randomized controlled trial on the efficacy of intradiscal methylene blue injection for chronic discogenic low back pain: the IMBI study. Pain. 2019 Apr;160(4):945-953. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001475. PMID: 30730862.

Kato F, Mimatsu K, Kawawami N, Ando T (1993) Changes after the intervertebral disc after discography with intradiscal injection of corticosteroids observed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). J Neurol Orthop Med Surg, 14: 210-6.

Khot A, Bowditch M, Powell J, Sharp D (2004) The use of intradiscal steroid therapy for lumbar spinal discogenic pain: a randomized controlled trial. Spine, 29(8): 833-6; discussion 7.

Kotilainen E, Muittari P, Kirvela O (1997) Intradiscal glycerol or bupivacaine in the treatment of low back pain. Acta Neurochir (Wien), 139(6): 541-5.

Nelemans PJ, de Bie RA, de Vet HC, Sturmans F (2000) Injection therapy for subacute and chronic benign low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, (2): CD001824.

17. Infiltraciones sacroilíacas

Dreyfuss P, Michaelsen M, Pauza K, McLarty J, Bogduk N (1996) The value of medical history and physical examination in diagnosing sacroiliac joint pain. Spine, 21(22): 2594-602.

Kokmeyer DJ, Van der Wurff P, Aufdemkampe G, Fickenscher TC (2002) The reliability of multitest regimens with sacroiliac pain provocation tests. J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 25(1): 42-8.

Luukkainen RK, Wennerstrand PV, Kautiainen HH, Sanila MT, Asikainen EL (2002) Efficacy of periarticular corticosteroid treatment of the sacroiliac joint in non-spondylarthropathic patients with chronic low back pain in the region of the sacroiliac joint. Clin Exp Rheumatol, 20(1): 52-4.

Maugars Y, Mathis C, Berthelot JM, Charlier C, Prost A (1996) Assessment of the efficacy of sacroiliac corticosteroid injections in spondylarthropathies: a double-blind study. Br J Rheumatol, 35(8): 767-70.

Rosenberg JM, Quint TJ, de Rosayro AM (2000) Computerized tomographic localization of clinically-guided sacroiliac joint injections. Clin J Pain, 16(1): 18-21.

18. Infiltraciones de toxina botulínica

Foster L, Clapp L, Erickson M, Jabbari B (2001) Botulinum toxin A and chronic low back pain: a randomized, double-blind study. Neurology, 56(10): 1290-3

Langevin P, Peloso PM, Lowcock J, Nolan M, Weber J, Gross A, Roberts J, Goldsmith CH, Graham N, Burnie SJ, Haines T. Botulinum toxin for subacute/chronic neck pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Jul 6;(7):CD008626.

19. Proloterapia (infiltraciones esclerosantes)

Dechow E, Davies RK, Carr AJ, Thompson PW (1999) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of sclerosing injections in patients with chronic low back pain. Rheumatology (Oxford), 38(12): 1255-9.

Klein RG, Eek BC, DeLong WB, Mooney V (1993) A randomized double-blind trial of dextrose-glycerine-phenol injections for chronic, low back pain. J Spinal Disord, 6(1): 23-33.

Nelemans PJ, de Bie RA, de Vet HC, Sturmans F (2000) Injection therapy for subacute and chronic benign low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, (2): CD001824.

Ongley MJ, Klein RG, Dorman TA, Eek BC, Hubert LJ (1987) A new approach to the treatment of chronic low back pain. Lancet, 2(8551): 143-6

20. Rizolisis por radiofrecuencia

Dreyfuss P, Halbrook B, Pauza K, Joshi A, McLarty J, Bogduk N (2000) Efficacy and validity of radiofrequency neurotomy for chronic lumbar zygapophysial joint pain. Spine, 25(10): 1270-7.

Gallagher J, Periccione die Vadi PL, Wedley JR, Hamann W, Ryan P, Chikanza I, Kirkham B, Price, Watson RMS, Grahame R, Wood S (1994) Radiofrequency facet joint denervation in the treatment of low back pain: a prospective controlled double-blind study to assess its efficacy. Pain Clin, 7: 193-98.

Geurts JW, van Wijk RM, Stolker RJ, Groen GJ (2001) Efficacy of radiofrequency procedures for the treatment of spinal pain: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Reg Anesth Pain Med, 26(5): 394-400.

Juch JNS, Maas ET, Ostelo RWJG, Groeneweg JG, Kallewaard JW, Koes BW, Verhagen AP, van Dongen JM, Huygen FJPM, van Tulder MW. Effect of Radiofrequency Denervation on Pain Intensity Among Patients With Chronic Low Back Pain: The Mint Randomized Clinical Trials.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28672319

Leclaire R, Fortin L, Lambert R, Bergeron YM, Rossignol M (2001) Radiofrequency facet joint denervation in the treatment of low back pain: a placebo-controlled clinical trial to assess efficacy. Spine, 26(13): 1411-6; discussion 7.

Niemisto L, Kalso E, Malmivaara A, Seitsalo S, Hurri H (2003) Radiofrequency denervation for neck and back pain: a systematic review within the framework of the cochrane collaboration back review group. Spine, 28(16): 1877-88.

Niemisto L, Kalso E, Malmivaara A, Seitsalo S, Hurri H,. Denervación por radiofrecuencia para el dolor de cuello y lumbar (Revisión Cochrane traducida). En: La Biblioteca Cochrane Plus, 2007 Número 4.

Sanders M, Zuurmond WWA (1999) Percutaneous intraarticular lumbar facet joint denervation in the treatment of low back pain: a comparison with percutaneous extraarticular lumbar facet denervation. Pain Clin, 11: 329-35.

Shealy CN (1975) Percutaneous radiofrequency denervation of spinal facets. Treatment for chronic back pain and sciatica. J Neurosurg, 43(4): 448-51.

van Eerd M, de Meij N, Kessels A, Patijn J, Weber W, Wintraecken V, van Kleef M, van Kuijk SMJ. Efficacy and Long-term Effect of Radiofrequency Denervation in Patients with Clinically Diagnosed Cervical Facet Joint Pain: A Double-blind Randomized Controlled Trial. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2021 Mar 1;46(5):285-293. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000003799. PMID: 33534439

21. Corsés,cinturones lumbares, collarines, plantillas y alzas

Calmels P, Fayolle-Minon I (1996) An update on orthotic devices for the lumbar spine based on a review of the literature. Rev Rhum Engl Ed, 63(4): 285-91.

Jellema P, van Tulder MW, van Poppel MN, Nachemson AL, Bouter LM (2001) Lumbar supports for prevention and treatment of low back pain: a systematic review within the framework of the Cochrane Back Review Group. Spine, 26(4): 377-86.

Kim HJ, Yi JM, Cho HG, et al. Comparative study of the treatment outcomes of osteoporotic compression fractures without neurologic injury using a rigid brace, a soft brace, and no brace: a prospective randomized controlled noninferiority trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2014 Dec 3;96(23):1959-66.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25471910

Koes BW, Hoogen HMM van den. Efficacy of bed rest and orthoses of low back pain. Eur J Phys Med Rehabil 1994;4:86-93.

McGill SM (1993) Abdominal belts in industry: a position paper on their assets, liabilities and use. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J, 54(12): 752-4.

Negrini, MD, Minozzi, MD, Josette Bettany-Saltikov, Fabio Zaina, MD, Nachiappan Chockalingam, Theodoros B. Grivas, Tomasz Kotwicki, , Toru Maruyama, Michele Romano, and Elias S. Vasiliadis, Braces for Idiopathic Scoliosis in Adolescents. Cochrane systematic review. SPINE Volume 35, Number 13, pp 1285–1293. 2010.

Rannisto S, Okuloff A, Uitti J, Paananen M, Rannisto PH, Malmivaara A, Karppinen J. Leg- length discrepancy is associated with low back pain among those who must stand while working. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2015 May 7;16:110. doi: 10.1186/s12891-015-0571-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25943907

T Sahar, MJ Cohen, V Ne'eman, L Kandel, DO Odebiyi, I Lev, M Brezis, A Lahad. Insoles for prevention and treatment of back pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 4

van Duijvenbode ICD, Jellema P, van Poppel MNM, van Tulder MW. Soporte lumbar para la prevención y el tratamiento del dolor lumbar (Revisión Cochrane traducida). En: La Biblioteca Cochrane Plus, 2008 Número 2.

Zhu MP, Tetreault LA, Sorefan-Mangou F, Garwood P, Wilson JR.Efficacy, safety, and economics of bracing after spine surgery: a systematic review of the literature.Spine J. 2018 Sep;18(9):1513-1525. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2018.01.011. Epub 2018 Jan 31.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29355785

22. Tracciones

Clarke JA, van Tulder MW, Blomberg SEI, de Vet HCW, van der Heijden GJMG, Bronfort G, Bouter LM. Tracción para el dolor lumbar con o sin ciática (Revisión Cochrane traducida). En: La Biblioteca Cochrane Plus, 2007 Número 4.

Coxhead CE, Inskip H, Meade TW, North WR, Troup JD (1981) Multicentre trial of physiotherapy in the management of sciatic symptoms. Lancet, 1(8229): 1065-8.

Larsson U, Choler U, Lidstrom A, Lind G, Nachemson A, Nilsson B, Roslund J (1980) Auto-traction for treatment of lumbago-sciatica. A multicentre controlled investigation. Acta Orthop Scand, 51(5): 791-8.

Mathews JA, Hickling J (1975) Lumbar traction: a double-blind controlled study for sciatica. Rheumatol Rehabil, 14(4): 222-5.

Mathews JA, Mills SB, Jenkins VM, Grimes SM, Morkel MJ, Mathews W, Scott CM, Sittampalam Y (1987) Back pain and sciatica: controlled trials of manipulation, traction, sclerosant and epidural injections. Br J Rheumatol, 26(6): 416-23.

Pal B, Mangion P, Hossain MA, Diffey BL (1986) A controlled trial of continuous lumbar traction in the treatment of back pain and sciatica. Br J Rheumatol, 25(2): 181-3.

Reust P, Chantraine A, Vischer TL (1988) [Treatment of lumbar sciatica with or without neurological deficit using mechanical traction. A double-blind study]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr, 118(8): 271-4.

Thackeray A, Fritz JM, Childs JD, Brennan GP. The Effectiveness of Mechanical Traction Among Subgroups of Patients With Low Back Pain and Leg Pain: A Randomized Trial. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2016 Mar;46(3):144-54. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2016.6238. Epub 2016 Jan 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26813755.

van den Hoogen HM, Koes BW, van Eijk JT, Bouter LM (1995) On the accuracy of history, physical examination, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in diagnosing low back pain in general practice. A criteria-based review of the literature. Spine, 20(3): 318-27.

van der Heijden GJ, Bouter LM, Terpstra-Lindeman E (1970) De effectiviteit van tractie bij lage rugklachten: de resultaten van een pilotstudy. Ned T Fysiotherapie, 2: 117-21.

van der Heijden GJ, Beurskens AJ, Koes BW, Assendelft WJ, de Vet HC, Bouter LM (1995) The efficacy of traction for back and neck pain: a systematic, blinded review of randomized clinical trial methods. Phys Ther, 75(2): 93-104.

Walker L, Svenkerud T, Weber H (1982) Traksjonsbehandling ved lumbago-ischias: en kontrollert undersolske med Spina-trac. Fysioterapeuten, 48: 161-3.

Wegner I, Widyahening IS, van Tulder MW, Blomberg SE, de Vet HC, Brønfort G, Bouter LM, van der Heijden GJ. Traction for low-back pain with or without sciatica. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Aug 19;(8):CD003010. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003010.pub5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23959683

Yang JD, Tam KW, Huang TW, Huang SW, Liou TH, Chen HC. Intermittent Cervical Traction for Treating Neck Pain: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2017 Jul 1;42(13):959-965. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27792118

23. Fisioterapia (calor y frío, masajes, láser, onda corta, magnetoterapia, ultrasonidos y ondas de choque, corrientes interferenciales)

Silva Guerrero AV1,2, Maujean A1,3, Campbell L1, Sterling M1,3. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Effectiveness of Psychological InterventionsDelivered by Physiotherapists on Pain, Disability and Psychological Outcomes in Musculoskeletal Pain Conditions. Clin J Pain. 2018 Sep;34(9):838-857. doi: 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000601. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29554030

Corrientes interferenciales

Werners R, Pynsent PB, Bulstrode CJ (1999) Randomized trial comparing interferential therapy with motorized lumbar traction and massage in the management of low back pain in a primary care setting. Spine, 24(15): 1579-84

Yesil H, Hepguler S, Dundar U, Taravati S, Isleten B. Doesthe Use of Electrotherapies Increase the Effectiveness of Neck Stabilization Exercises for Improving Pain, Disability, Mood, and Quality of Life in Chronic Neck Pain?: A Randomized, Controlled, Single-BlindStudy.Spine (PhilaPa 1976). 2018 Oct 15;43(20):E1174-E1183. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000002663.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29652778

Onda corta

Termoterapia (calor o frío)

French SD, Cameron M, Walker BF, Reggars JW, Esterman AJ. A Cochrane review of superficial heat or cold for low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2006 Apr 20;31(9):998-1006.

Masaje

Cherkin DC, Eisenberg D, Sherman KJ, Barlow W, Kaptchuk TJ, Street J, Deyo RA (2001) Randomized trial comparing traditional Chinese medical acupuncture, therapeutic massage, and self-care education for chronic low back pain. Arch Intern Med, 161(8): 1081-8.

Cherkin DC, Sherman KJ, Kahn J, Wellman R, Cook AJ, Johnson E, Erro J, Delaney K, Deyo RA. A comparison of the effects of 2 types of massage and usual care on chronic low back pain: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2011 Jul 5;155(1):1-9.

Ernst E (1999) Massage therapy for low back pain: A systematic review. J Pain Symptom Manage, 17: 65-9.

Furlan AD, Brosseau L, Imamura M, Irvin E (2002) Massage for low-back pain: a systematic review within the framework of the Cochrane Collaboration Back Review Group. Spine, 27(17): 1896-910.

Furlan AD, Imamura M, Dryden T, Irvin E. Massage for low back pain: an updated systematic review within the framework of the Cochrane Back Review Group. Spine 2009;34(16):1669-84.

Furlan AD, Giraldo M, Baskwill A, Irvin E, Imamura M. Massage for low-back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Sep 1;9:CD001929. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26329399

Gross AR, Lee H, Ezzo J, Chacko N, Gelley G, Forget M, Morien A, Graham N, Santaguida PL, Rice M, Dixon C. Massage for neck pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2024, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD004871. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004871.pub5

Hernandez-Reif M, Field T, Krasnegor J, Theakston H (2001) Lower back pain is reduced and range of motion increased after massage therapy. Int J Neurosci, 106(3-4): 131-45.

Hoehler FK, Tobis JS, Buerger AA (1981) Spinal manipulation for low back pain. Jama, 245(18): 1835-8.

Hsieh CY, Phillips RB, Adams AH, Pope MH (1992) Functional outcomes of low back pain: comparison of four treatment groups in a randomized controlled trial. J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 15(1): 4-9.

Hsieh LL, Kuo CH, Yen MF, Chen TH (2004) A randomized controlled clinical trial for low back pain treated by acupressure and physical therapy. Prev Med, 39(1): 168-76.

Melzack R, Vetere P, Finch L (1983) Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for low back pain. A comparison of TENS and massage for pain and range of motion. Phys Ther, 63(4): 489-93.

Patel KC, Gross A, Graham N, Goldsmith CH, Ezzo J, Morien A, Peloso PM. Massage for mechanical neck disorders Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Sep 12;9:CD004871. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004871.pub4.

Preyde M (2000) Effectiveness of massage therapy for subacute low-back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Cmaj, 162(13): 1815-20.

van Middelkoop M, Rubinstein SM, Kuijpers T, Verhagen AP, Ostelo R, Koes BW, van Tulder MW. A systematic review on the effectiveness of physical and rehabilitation interventions for chronic non-specific low back pain Eur Spine J. 2011 Jan;20(1):19-39. doi: 10.1007/s00586-010-1518-3. Epub 2010 Jul 18.

Laserterapia

Basford JR, Sheffield CG, Harmsen WS (1999) Laser therapy: a randomized, controlled trial of the effects of low-intensity Nd:YAG laser irradiation on musculoskeletal back pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 80(6): 647-52.

Bjordal JM, Couppe C, Chow RT, Tuner J, Ljunggren EA (2003) A systematic review of low level laser therapy with location-specific doses for pain from chronic joint disorders. Aust J Physiother, 49(2): 107-16.

de Bie RA, Verhagen A, de Vet HCW, Lenssen T, van den Wildenberg FAJM, Kootstra A, Knipschild PG (1998) Efficacy of 904 nm laser therapy in musculoskeletal disorders. Physical Therapy Reviews, 3: 1-14.

Chow RT, Johnson MI, Lopes-Martins RA, Bjordal JM. Efficacy of low-level laser therapy in the management of neck pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo or active-treatment controlled trials. Lancet 2009;374:1897–1908. [Erratum in: Lancet 2010; 13;375:894.].

Djavid G, Mehrdad R, Ghasemi M, Hasan-Sadeh H, Sotoodeh-Manesh A, Pouryaghoub G. Low level laser therapy in chronic low back pain. Aust J Physiother 2007; 53:155–160.

Gur A, Karakoc M, Cevik R, Nas K, Sarac AJ (2003) Efficacy of low power laser therapy and exercise on pain and functions in chronic low back pain. Lasers Surg Med, 32(3): 233-8.

Klein RG, Eek BC (1990) Low-energy laser treatment and exercise for chronic low back pain: double-blind controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 71(1): 34-7.

Konstantinovic LM, Kanjuh ZM, Milovanovic AN, et al; Acute low back pain with radiculopathy: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Photomed Laser Surg 2010;28:553–560.

Longo L, Tamburini A, Monti A. Treatment with 904 nm and 10600 nm laser of acute lumbago – double blind control-laser. J Eur Med Laser Ass 1991;3:16–19.

Monticone M, Barbarino A, Testi C, Arzano S, Moschi A, Negrini S. Symptomatic efficacy of stabilizing treatment versus laser therapy for sub-acute low back pain. Eur Med Phys 2004;40:263–268.

Soriano F, Rios R (1998) Gallium Arsenide Laser Treatment of chronic low back pain: a prospective randomised and double blind study. Laser Therapy, 10: 175-80.

Toya S, Motegi M, Inomata K, Ohshiro T, Maeda T (1994) Report on a computer-randomized double-blind clinical trial to determine the effectiveness of the GaAIA (830 nm) diode laser for attenuation in selected pain groups. Laser Therapy, 6: 143-8

Unlu Z, Tasci S, Tarhan S, Pabuscu Y, Islak S. Comparison of 3 physical therapy modalities for acute pain in lumbar disc herniation measured by clinical evaluation and magnetic resonance imaging. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2008; 31: 191–198.

La Biblioteca Cochrane Plus

Ultrasonido

Ebadi S, Henschke N, Forogh B, Nakhostin Ansari N, van Tulder MW, Babaei-Ghazani A, Fallah E. Therapeutic ultrasound for chronic low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Jul 5;7(7):CD009169. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009169.pub3. PMID: 32623724; PMCID: PMC7390505.

Kovacs F, Seco S, Urrutia G. Time to cease the use of ultrasounds for treating low back pain. Annals of Family Medicine. March/April 2013, 11 (2). Published March 25, 2013 http://www.annfammed.org/content/11/2/122/reply#annalsfm_el_2562

Seco J, Kovacs FM, Urrutia G. The efficacy, safety, effectiveness, and cost/effectiveness of ultrasound and shock wave therapies for low back pain: A systematic review. Spine J 2011:11:966-77

profit-driven

evidence-based

Punción seca

Stieven FF, Ferreira GE, Wiebusch M, de Araújo FX, da Rosa LHT, Silva MF. Dry Needling Combined With Guideline-Based Physical Therapy Provides No Added Benefit in the Management of Chronic Neck Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2020 Aug;50(8):447-454. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2020.9389. Epub 2020 Apr 9. PMID: 32272030.

Terapia con ventosas

Almeida Silva HJ, Barbosa GM, Scattone Silva R, Saragiotto BT, Oliveira JMP, Pinheiro YT, Lins CAA, de Souza MC. Dry cupping therapy is not superior to sham cupping to improve clinical outcomes in people with non-specific chronic low back pain: a randomised trial. J Physiother. 2021 Mar 20:S1836-9553(21)00017-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jphys.2021.02.013. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33757719.

24. Estimulación eléctrica transcutánea (TENS)

Al-Smadi J, Warke K, Wilson I, Cramp AF, Noble G, Walsh DM, Lowe-Strong AS (2003) A pilot investigation of the hypoalgesic effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation upon low back pain in people with multiple sclerosis. Clin Rehabil, 17(7): 742-9.

Brosseau L, Milne S, Robinson V, Marchand S, Shea B, Wells G, Tugwell P (2002) Efficacy of the transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for the treatment of chronic low back pain: a meta-analysis. Spine, 27(6): 596-603.

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. (TENS) versus placebo for chronic low-back pain. 2008, Issue 4.

Gibson W, Wand BM, Meads C, et al. Transcutaneouselectricalnervestimulation (TENS) forchronicpain - anoverview of Cochrane Reviews. Cochrane DatabaseSyst Rev. 2019 Apr 3;4:CD011890. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011890.pub3. (Systematicreview) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30941745

Jette AM, Delitto A (1997) Physical therapy treatment choices for musculoskeletal impairments. Phys Ther, 77(2): 145-54.

Khadilkar A, Milne S, Brosseau L, Robinson V, Saginur M, Shea B, Tugwell P, Wells G.. Neuroestimulación eléctrica transcutánea (TENS) para el dolor lumbar crónico (Revisión Cochrane traducida). En: La Biblioteca Cochrane Plus, 2007 Número 4

Kroeling P, Gross A, Goldsmith CH, Houghton PE, Cervical Overview Group. Electroterapia para los trastornos cervicales (Revisión Cochrane traducida). En: La Biblioteca Cochrane Plus, 2007 Número 4.

Lehmann TR, Russell DW, Spratt KF, Colby H, Liu YK, Fairchild ML, Christensen S (1986) Efficacy of electroacupuncture and TENS in the rehabilitation of chronic low back pain patients. Pain, 26(3): 277-90.

Milne S, Welch V, Brosseau L, Saginur M, Shea B, Tugwell P, Wells G (2001) Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for chronic low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, (2): CD003008.

Philadelphia (2001) Philadelphia Panel evidence-based clinical practice guidelines on selected rehabilitation interventions for low back pain. Phys Ther, 81(10): 1641-74.

Sherry E, Kitchener P, Smart R (2001) A prospective randomized controlled study of VAX-D and TENS for the treatment of chronic low back pain. Neurol Res, 23(7): 780-4.

Tsukayama H, Yamashita H, Amagai H, Tanno Y (2002) Randomised controlled trial comparing the effectiveness of electroacupuncture and TENS for low back pain: a preliminary study for a pragmatic trial. Acupunct Med, 20(4): 175-80.

Wu LC, Weng PW, Chen CH, Huang YY, Tsuang YH, Chiang CJ. LiteratureReview and Meta-Analysis of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation in Treating Chronic Back Pain.Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2018 Feb 1. doi: 10.1097/AAP.0000000000000740. [Epubahead of print] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29394211

25.Neuroestimulación eléctrica percutánea (PENS)

Ghoname EA, Craig WF, White PF, Ahmed HE, Hamza MA, Henderson BN, Gajraj NM, Huber PJ, Gatchel RJ (1999a) Percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for low back pain: a randomized crossover study. Jama, 281(9): 818-23.

Ghoname ES, Craig WF, White PF, Ahmed HE, Hamza MA, Gajraj NM, Vakharia AS, Noe CE (1999b) The effect of stimulus frequency on the analgesic response to percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in patients with chronic low back pain. Anesth Analg, 88(4): 841-6.

Hamza MA, Ghoname EA, White PF, Craig WF, Ahmed HE, Gajraj NM, Vakharia AS, Noe CE (1999) Effect of the duration of electrical stimulation on the analgesic response in patients with low back pain. Anesthesiology, 91(6): 1622-7.

Weiner DK, Rudy TE, Glick RM, Boston JR, Lieber SJ, Morrow LA, Taylor S (2003) Efficacy of percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for the treatment of chronic low back pain in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc, 51(5): 599-608.

White PF, Ghoname EA, Ahmed HE, Hamza MA, Craig WF, Vakharia AS (2001) The effect of montage on the analgesic response to percutaneous neuromodulation therapy. Anesth Analg, 92(2): 483-7.

26.Acupuntura

Berman BM (2001) Clinical applications of acupuncture: an overview of the evidence. J Altern Complement Med, 7 Suppl 1: S111-8.

Bruegger A (1990) Gesunde Koerperhaltung im Alltag. Zuerich: Bruegger Verlag.

Carlsson CP, Sjolund BH (2001) Acupuncture for chronic low back pain: a randomized placebo-controlled study with long-term follow-up. Clin J Pain, 17(4): 296-305.

Ceccherelli F, Gagliardi G, Barbagli P, Caravello M (2003) [Correlation between the number of sessions and therapeutical effect in patients suffering from low back pain treated with acupuncture: a randomized controlled blind study]. Minerva Med, 94(4 Suppl 1): 39-44.

Cervical Overview Group. Acupuntura para los trastornos del cuello (Revisión Cochrane traducida). En: La Biblioteca Cochrane Plus, 2007 Número 4.

Ernst E (1998) The use, efficacy, safety and costs of complementary/alternative therapies for low back pain. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil., 8: 53-7.

Ernst E, White AR (1998) Acupuncture for back pain: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med, 158(20): 2235-41.

Ezzo J, Berman B, Hadhazy VA, Jadad AR, Lao L, Singh BB (2000) Is acupuncture effective for the treatment of chronic pain? A systematic review. Pain, 86(3): 217-25.

Flowerdew MW, Gadsby JG (1997) A review of the treatment of chronic low back pain with acupuncture-like transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. Complement Ther Med, 5: -2299.

Furlan AD, van Tulder MW, CherkinD, Tsukayama H, Lao L, Koes BW, Berman BM. Acupuncture and dry-needling for low back pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 1.

Gadsby JG, Flowerdew MW (2000) Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and acupuncture-like transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for chronic low back pain. In The Cochrane Library, Issue 3. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.: Chichester, UK.

Giles LG, Muller R (1999) Chronic spinal pain syndromes: a clinical pilot trial comparing acupuncture, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, and spinal manipulation. J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 22(6): 376-81.

Grant DJ, Bishop-Miller J, Winchester DM, Anderson M, Faulkner S (1999) A randomized comparative trial of acupuncture versus transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for chronic back pain in the elderly. Pain, 82(1): 9-13.

Hogeboom CJ, Sherman KJ, Cherkin DC (2001) Variation in diagnosis and treatment of chronic low back pain by traditional Chinese medicine acupuncturists. Complement Ther Med, 9(3): 154-66.

Hsieh LL, Kuo CH, Yen MF, Chen TH (2004) A randomized controlled clinical trial for low back pain treated by acupressure and physical therapy. Prev Med, 39(1): 168-76.

Kerr DP, Walsh DM, Baxter D (2003) Acupuncture in the management of chronic low back pain: a blinded randomized controlled trial. Clin J Pain, 19(6): 364-70.

Kittang G, Melvaer T, Baerheim A (2001) [Acupuncture contra antiphlogistics in acute lumbago]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen, 121(10): 1207-10.

Kovacs FM, Gotzens V, Garcia A, Garcia F, Mufraggi N, Prandi D, Setoain J, San Roman F (1992) Experimental study on radioactive pathways of hypodermically injected technetium-99m. J Nucl Med, 33(3): 403-7.

Kovacs FM, Gotzens V, Garcia A, Garcia F, Mufraggi N, Prandi D, Setoain J, San Roman F (1993) Kinetics of hypodermically injected technetium-99m and correlation with cutaneous structures: an experimental study in dogs. Eur J Nucl Med, 20(7): 585-90.

Kovacs FM, Garcia A, Mufraggi N, Garcia F, Pavia J, Prandi D, Gotzens V, Giralt I, Piera C, Setoain J (2000) Migration pathways of hypodermically injected technetium-99m in dogs. Eur Radiol, 10(6): 1019-25.

Leake R, Broderick JE (1998) Treatment efficacy of acupuncture: a review of the research literature. Integrative medicine, 1: -2190.

Leggett Tait P, Brooks L, Harstall C (2002) Acupuncture: Evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses., Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research.

Leibing E, Leonhardt U, Koster G, Goerlitz A, Rosenfeldt JA, Hilgers R, Ramadori G (2002) Acupuncture treatment of chronic low-back pain -- a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled trial with 9-month follow-up. Pain, 96(1-2): 189-96.

MacPherson H, Gould AJ, Fitter M (1999) Acupuncture for low back pain: results of a pilot study for a randomized controlled trial. Complement Ther Med, 7(2): 83-90.

Meng CF, Wang D, Ngeow J, Lao L, Peterson M, Paget S (2003) Acupuncture for chronic low back pain in older patients: a randomized, controlled trial. Rheumatology (Oxford), 42(12): 1508-17.

Molsberger AF, Mau J, Pawelec DB, Winkler J (2002) Does acupuncture improve the orthopedic management of chronic low back pain--a randomized, blinded, controlled trial with 3 months follow up. Pain, 99(3): 579-87.

Mu J, Furlan AD, Lam WY, Hsu MY, Ning Z, Lao L. Acupuncture for chronic nonspecific low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Dec 11;12:CD013814. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013814. PMID: 33306198.

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Reed JC (1996) Review of acute and chronic pain published studies. J Altern Complement Med, 2(1): 129-44; discussion 45-7.

Sator-Katzenschlager SM, Scharbert G, Kozek-Langenecker SA, Szeles JC, Finster G, Schiesser AW, Heinze G, Kress HG (2004) The short- and long-term benefit in chronic low back pain through adjuvant electrical versus manual auricular acupuncture. Anesth Analg, 98(5): 1359-64, table of contents.

Shanghei A-MTGoCMAo (1960)Aku-Moxi therapy treatise., in Medicine Academy of Shanghai: Shanghai.

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